This article explains the AKF Cube methodology for scaling distributed systems, detailing how horizontal replication (X axis), functional decomposition (Y axis), and user‑based sharding (Z axis) can be combined to boost performance while balancing implementation costs.
This comprehensive guide introduces Nginx’s high‑performance architecture, explains forward and reverse proxy concepts, demonstrates load‑balancing and static‑dynamic content separation, provides practical configuration commands, and walks through real‑world setups for reverse proxy, load‑balancing, static‑dynamic separation, and high‑availability using Keepalived.
This comprehensive guide compiles 35 essential Linux operations interview questions covering server management, RAID configurations, load balancing with LVS/Nginx/HAProxy, proxy choices, middleware, MySQL troubleshooting, networking tools, security practices, and practical scripts, providing concise answers to help candidates ace DevOps and sysadmin roles.
This article explains what RESTful APIs are, outlines their architectural constraints, shares practical design guidelines such as using nouns in URIs, proper HTTP methods, status codes, versioning strategies, and demonstrates how Apache APISIX can enforce these practices and modernize legacy APIs without changing existing code.
This article explains Kubernetes pod architecture, networking, external exposure, and how Services use virtual IPs and selectors to provide load balancing and dynamic discovery of pod changes, including the role of kube-proxy and the limitations of using Nginx for pod-level balancing.
This article reviews the core structure of Kubernetes pods, explains how pods expose services externally, explores load‑balancing strategies using Services and virtual IPs, and details how kube‑proxy and selectors keep services in sync with changing pod lifecycles.
This article reviews Kubernetes pod architecture, explains how pods obtain external access, and details how Services and kube-proxy provide load balancing and dynamic discovery for pod groups using selectors and virtual IPs.
This article reviews the core structure of Kubernetes pods, explains how pods expose services externally, details load‑balancing mechanisms using Services and kube‑proxy, and illustrates the role of selectors, VIPs, and iptables/ipvs in dynamic pod discovery and traffic routing.
This guide introduces HAProxy, an open‑source L4/L7 load balancer, and walks through its core features, performance and stability characteristics, step‑by‑step installation on CentOS 7, configuration of both L7 and L4 balancing, monitoring, and setting up high‑availability with Keepalived.
This comprehensive guide explains what HAProxy is, its core functions and key features, then walks through installing, configuring, and running both L7 and L4 load balancers on Linux, adding logging, log rotation, monitoring, and achieving high availability with Keepalived.
This article explains the meaning of Nginx upstream directives max_fails and fail_timeout, demonstrates their behavior with a PHP‑FPM test setup, and clarifies common misconceptions and best‑practice settings for reliable load balancing.
This article explains the origins, types, and inner workings of load balancing—including DNS, hardware, and software solutions—covers the Linux Virtual Server (LVS) architecture, netfilter fundamentals, and compares DR, NAT, and Tunnel modes with their advantages, drawbacks, and ideal use cases.
This article explains the background of Server Load Balancing (SLB), details its three transmission modes—reverse‑proxy, transparent, and triangle—and analyzes packet exchanges using Tcpdump and Wireshark to illustrate how client requests are processed and responses returned in each mode.
This article details Dada's journey of designing and implementing a dual‑cloud active‑active architecture, covering high‑availability vs. disaster‑recovery concepts, Phase 1 and Phase 2 solutions, challenges faced, multi‑data‑center Consul deployment, bidirectional database replication, precise load‑balancing, capacity elasticity, and future plans.
This article examines the rise of web‑application firewalls, outlines common deployment challenges, compares several WAF operating modes—including bypass, layer‑2 transparent, and proxy architectures—and proposes load‑balancing strategies to achieve secure, high‑availability web services.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of server clustering and load balancing technologies, detailing the roles of LVS, Nginx, and HAProxy, their architectures, operating modes, advantages, disadvantages, and practical deployment scenarios for modern web services.
Load balancing distributes incoming traffic across multiple servers to improve performance, reliability, and scalability, and this article explains its purpose, the differences between layer‑2, layer‑3, layer‑4 and layer‑7 balancing, common software solutions like LVS, Nginx and HAProxy, and various static and dynamic load‑balancing algorithms.
This article outlines a comprehensive, multi‑layer web architecture covering front‑end optimization, application‑level frameworks, service‑oriented components, storage solutions, backend analytics, monitoring, security measures, and data‑center design for building highly scalable and reliable websites.
This article explains the principles, architectures, and trade‑offs of three popular software load balancers—LVS, Nginx, and HAProxy—guiding you to select the right solution based on traffic volume, protocol layer, and operational complexity.
This article explains how 360’s Linux Virtual Server (LVS) platform evolved with the FULLNAT forwarding mode, enhancing cross‑VLAN deployment, simplifying real‑server configuration, adding SYN‑proxy protection, and improving UDP handling, while detailing the new deployment architecture and operational benefits.