Common Linux Commands with Usage Examples

1. cd: Change the current working directory. cd /var/www/html 2. ls: List files and directories in the specified path. ls /var/www/html 3. touch: Create an empty file. touch test.php 4. mkdir: Create a new directory. mkdir images 5. cp: Copy a file or directory. cp index.php /var/www/html 6. mv: Move (or rename) a file or directory. mv index.php /var/www/html 7. rm: Delete a file or directory. rm index.php 8. chmod: Change file or directory permissions. chmod 755 index.php 9. chown: Change file or directory ownership. chown www-data:www-data index.php 10. ps: Display information about active processes. ps aux 11. top: Real‑time view of system processes and resource usage. top 12. tar: Archive and compress files or directories. tar -czvf backup.tar.gz /var/www/html 13. grep: Search for matching strings within files. grep "hello" test.txt 14. sed: Perform text substitution, deletion, or insertion. sed 's/hello/world/g' test.txt 15. find: Locate files or directories based on criteria. find /var/www/html -name "*.php" 16. ssh: Connect to a remote server via SSH. ssh [email protected] 17. scp: Securely copy files between local and remote hosts. scp local_file remote_user@remote_host:/remote/dir 18. ping: Test network connectivity to a host. ping google.com 19. netstat: Show current network connections, listening ports, and routing tables. netstat -an 20. ifconfig: Display network interface configuration details.

ifconfig eth0