Comprehensive Guide to Python's 66 Built‑in Functions

Python includes 66 built‑in functions that are always available without importing any modules, covering common tasks such as numeric operations, sequence handling, type conversion, and object introspection.

1. abs(x) : Returns the absolute value of a number.

<code>x = -10
print(abs(x))  # 输出：10</code>

2. all(iterable) : Returns True if all elements of the iterable are true.

<code>iterable = [True, True, False]
print(all(iterable))  # 输出：False</code>

3. any(iterable) : Returns True if any element of the iterable is true.

<code>iterable = [False, False, True]
print(any(iterable))  # 输出：True</code>

4. bin(x) : Converts an integer to its binary string representation.

<code>x = 10
print(bin(x))  # 输出：0b1010</code>

5. bool(x) : Converts a value to a Boolean.

<code>x = 0
print(bool(x))  # 输出：False</code>

6. bytearray([source[, encoding[, errors]]]) : Creates a mutable byte array.

<code>source = b'Hello'
arr = bytearray(source)
print(arr)  # 输出：bytearray(b'Hello')</code>

7. bytes([source[, encoding[, errors]]]) : Creates an immutable bytes object.

<code>source = 'Hello'
b = bytes(source, encoding='utf-8')
print(b)  # 输出：b'Hello'</code>

8. callable(object) : Checks whether an object appears callable (e.g., a function or method).

<code>def func():
    pass
print(callable(func))  # 输出：True</code>

9. chr(i) : Returns the character whose Unicode code point is the integer i .

<code>i = 65
print(chr(i))  # 输出：A</code>

10. classmethod(func) : Converts a regular method into a class method.

<code>class MyClass:
    attr = 10
    @classmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        print(cls.attr)
MyClass.class_method()  # 输出：10</code>

... (functions 11 through 66 are presented in the same format, each with a brief description and a short code example illustrating its behavior, such as compile , complex , delattr , dict , dir , divmod , enumerate , eval , exec , filter , float , format , frozenset , getattr , globals , hasattr , hash , help , hex , id , input , int , isinstance , issubclass , iter , len , list , locals , map , max , memoryview , min , next , object , oct , open , ord , pow , print , property , range , repr , reversed , round , set , setattr , slice , sorted , staticmethod , str , sum , super , tuple , type , vars , and zip ).

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