Data Preprocessing: Standardization, Normalization, and Missing Value Imputation with Python

Goal : Learn data preprocessing techniques.

Learning Content : Standardization, min‑max normalization, and missing‑value filling.

Code Example :

1. Import required libraries

import pandas as pd

import numpy as np

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler, MinMaxScaler

2. Create an example dataset

data = {

'姓名': ['张三', '李四', '王五', '赵六', '孙七'],

'年龄': [25, 30, 22, 35, 28],

'收入': [5000, 7000, 6000, 8000, 6500],

'身高': [170, 175, 165, 180, 172]

}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

print(f"示例数据集: 
{df}")

3. Standardization using

StandardScaler

scaler = StandardScaler()

df[['年龄', '收入', '身高']] = scaler.fit_transform(df[['年龄', '收入', '身高']])

print(f"标准化后的数据集: 
{df}")

4. Normalization using

MinMaxScaler

scaler = MinMaxScaler()

df[['年龄', '收入', '身高']] = scaler.fit_transform(df[['年龄', '收入', '身高']])

print(f"归一化后的数据集: 
{df}")

5. Check missing values

missing_values = df.isnull().sum()

print(f"每列的缺失值数量: 
{missing_values}")

6. Generate dataset with missing values

np.random.seed(0)

df['收入'][np.random.randint(0, len(df), 2)] = np.nan

print(f"带有缺失值的数据集: 
{df}")

7. Fill missing values

# Mean imputation

df['收入'].fillna(df['收入'].mean(), inplace=True)

print(f"使用均值填充缺失值后的数据集: 
{df}")

# Median imputation

df['收入'].fillna(df['收入'].median(), inplace=True)

print(f"使用中位数填充缺失值后的数据集: 
{df}")

# Forward fill

df['收入'].fillna(method='ffill', inplace=True)

print(f"使用前向填充后的数据集: 
{df}")

# Backward fill

df['收入'].fillna(method='bfill', inplace=True)

print(f"使用后向填充后的数据集: 
{df}")

Practice : Apply the above steps to a dataset to perform standardization, normalization, and missing‑value imputation.

Summary : After completing the exercises, you should be able to preprocess data by scaling features to a common range and handling missing entries with various strategies, which are essential for improving model performance in machine‑learning projects.