Essential Git Commands: Branching, Stashing, Reverting, Tagging, and Common Operations

Branch Operations:

git branch – create a new branch

git branch -b – create and switch to a new branch

git checkout – switch branches

git branch – list branches

git branch -v – view last commit on each branch

git branch -vv – view current branch details

git branch -b origin/branch-name – create local tracking branch from remote

git branch --merged – list branches merged into current

git branch --no-merged – list branches not merged

git branch -d branch-name – delete local branch

git branch -D branch-name – force delete branch

git branch origin :branch-name – delete remote branch

git merge branch-name – merge branch into current

Stash Operations:

git stash – stash current changes

git stash apply – apply most recent stash

git stash pop – apply and drop stash

git stash list – list stashes

git stash drop stash@{0} – delete specific stash

git stash clear – clear all stashes

Revert Operations:

git reset --hard HEAD^ – revert to previous commit

git reset --hard <commit_id> – revert to a specific commit

git checkout -- <file> – discard changes in a file (from index or working tree)

git reset HEAD <file> – unstage a file, keeping changes in working directory

Tag Operations:

git tag tag-name – create a tag on current commit

git tag tag-name <commit_id> – tag a specific commit

git tag -a tag-name -m "description" – create annotated tag

git tag – list all tags

git show tag-name – show tag details

git tag -d tag-name – delete local tag

git push origin tag-name – push tag to remote

git push origin --tags – push all tags

git push origin :refs/tags/tag-name – delete remote tag

General Operations:

git push origin test – push local branch to remote

git rm -r --cached <path> – stop tracking a file or directory

git reflog – view reference log of commands

git log --graph – visualize branch merge graph

git merge --no-ff -m "merge description" <branch> – merge without fast‑forward

git check-ignore -v <file> – see which ignore rule applies

git add -f <file> – force‑add ignored file

Creating a Repository:

git init – initialize repository

git remote add origin <url> – add remote

git pull – fetch and merge

git fetch – fetch all remote branches

Ignoring Files Already Tracked:

git update-index --assume-unchanged <file> – ignore a single tracked file

git rm -r --cached <path> – stop tracking a directory or file

Cancel Ignoring:

git update-index --no-assume-unchanged <file> – resume tracking

Password‑less Pull/Push:

git config --global credential.helper store – cache credentials for future operations

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