Essential Linux Command Scripts for Backup, Monitoring, and System Administration

This guide gathers a large collection of useful Linux command‑line one‑liners and full Bash scripts that address common system‑administration needs such as monitoring, backup, performance analysis, and tool installation.

Useful one‑liners

# 查看僵尸进程
ps -al | gawk '{print $2,$4}' | grep Z

# 匹配电子邮件地址
cat index.html | egrep -o "[A-Za-z0-9._]+@[A-Za-z0-9.]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,4}" > ans.txt

# 匹配 http URL
cat index.html | egrep -o "http://[A-Za-z0-9.]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,3}" > ans.txt

# 纯文本形式下载网页
lynx -dump www.baidu.com > plain.txt

# 只打印 HTTP 头部信息
curl --head www.baidu.com

# 使用 POST 提交数据
curl -d "param2=nickwolfe¶m2=12345" http://www.linuxidc.com/login.cgi

# 显示分组途经的网关
traceroute www.baidu.com

# 列出系统中的开放端口以及运行在端口上的服务
lsof -i

# nc 命令建立 socket 连接
# 设置监听
nc -l 5555
# 连接到套接字
nc 192.0.0.1 5555

# 快速文件传输（发送/接收）
# 接收端
nc -l 5555 > destination_filename
# 发送端
nc 192.0.0.1 5555 < source_filename

# 找出指定目录最大的 n 个文件
du -ak target_dir | sort -nrk 1 | head -n 4

# 向所有登录用户广播信息
cat message.txt | wall

# 创建新的 screen 窗口
screen

# 打印所有的 .txt 和 .pdf 文件
find . \( -name "*.txt" -o -name "*.pdf" \) -print

# 将文件分割成多个 10KB 的块
split -b 10k data.file

# 打印两个文件的交集
comm A.txt B.txt -3 | sed 's/^\t//'

# sed 移除空白行
sed '/^$/d' file

MySQL Backup Script (mysql备份)

#!/bin/bash
set -e
USER="backup"
PASSWORD="backup"
DATA_DIR="/data/mysql"
BIN_INDEX=$DATA_DIR"/mysql-bin.index"
BACKUP_DIR="/data/backup/mysql"
BACKUP_LOG="/var/log/mysql/backup.log"
DATE=`date +"%Y%m%d"`
TIME=`date +"%Y%m%d%H"`
LOG_TIME=`date +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"`
DELETE_BINLOG_TIME="7 day"
INCREMENT_INTERVAL="3 hour"

note() { printf "[${LOG_TIME}] note: $*
" >> $BACKUP_LOG; }
warning() { printf "[${LOG_TIME}] warning: $*
" >> $BACKUP_LOG; }
error() { printf "[${LOG_TIME}] error: $*
" >> $BACKUP_LOG; exit 1; }

full_backup() {
    dbs=`ls -l $DATA_DIR | grep "^d" | awk -F " " '{print $9}'`
    for db in $dbs; do
        backup_dir=$BACKUP_DIR"/full/"$db
        filename=$db"."$DATE
        backup_file=$backup_dir"/"$filename".sql"
        if [ ! -d $backup_dir ]; then
            mkdir -p $backup_dir || { error "创建数据库 $db 全量备份目录 $backup_dir 失败"; continue; }
            note "数据库 $db 全量备份目录 $backup_dir 不存在，创建完成";
        fi
        note "full backup $db start ..."
        mysqldump --user=${USER} --password=${PASSWORD} --flush-logs --skip-lock-tables --quick $db > $backup_file || { warning "数据库 $db 备份失败"; continue; }
        cd $backup_dir
        tar -cPzf $filename".tar.gz" $filename".sql"
        rm -f $backup_file
        chown -fR mysql:mysql $backup_dir
        note "数据库 $db 备份成功"
        note "full backup $db end."
    done
}

increment_backup() {
    StartTime=`date "-d $INCREMENT_INTERVAL ago" +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"`
    DELETE_BINLOG_END_TIME=`date "-d $DELETE_BINLOG_TIME ago" +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"`
    dbs=`ls -l $DATA_DIR | grep "^d" | awk -F " " '{print $9}'`
    mysql -u${USER} -p${PASSWORD} -e "purge master logs before '${DELETE_BINLOG_END_TIME}'" && note "delete $DELETE_BINLOG_TIME days before log"
    filename=`cat $BIN_INDEX | awk -F "/" '{print $2}'`
    for i in $filename; do
        for db in $dbs; do
            backup_dir=$BACKUP_DIR"/increment/"$db
            filename=$db"."$TIME
            backup_file=$backup_dir"/"$filename".sql"
            if [ ! -d $backup_dir ]; then
                mkdir -p $backup_dir || { error "创建数据库 $db 增量备份目录 $backup_dir 失败"; continue; }
                note "数据库 $db 增量备份目录 $backup_dir 不存在，创建完成";
            fi
            note "increment backup $db from $StartTime start ..."
            mysqlbinlog -d $db --start-datetime="${StartTime}" $DATA_DIR/$i >> $backup_file || { warning "数据库 $db 备份失败"; continue; }
            note "increment backup $db end."
        done
    done
    for db in $dbs; do
        backup_dir=$BACKUP_DIR"/increment/"$db
        filename=$db"."$TIME
        backup_file=$backup_dir"/"$filename".sql"
        cd $backup_dir
        tar -cPzf $filename".tar.gz" $filename".sql"
        rm -f $backup_file
        note "数据库 $db 备份成功"
    done
}

case "$1" in
    full) full_backup ;;
    increment) increment_backup ;;
    *) exit 2 ;;
esac
exit 1

Directory Backup Script (目录备份)

#!/bin/bash
DATE=$(date '+%Y-%m-%d_%H_%M_%S')
BACKUPDIR="/home/backups"
SORFILE=/opt
DESFILE=/home/backups/${SORFILE}.$(date '+%Y-%m-%d_%H_%M_%S').zip
[ ! -d $BACKUPDIR ] && mkdir -p $BACKUPDIR
cd $BACKUPDIR
echo "start backup $SORFILE ..."
sleep 3
zip -r $DESFILE $SORFILE &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
   echo "$(date +%Y-%m-%d) zip success" >>backup.log
else
   echo "$(date +%Y-%m-%d) zip failed" >>backup.log
   exit 0
fi
# 删除 3 天前的备份
find $BACKUPDIR -type f -ctime +3 | xargs rm -rf

Ping Sweep Script (PING查询)

#!/bin/bash
# 用于并行 ping 192.168.0.1‑255，检测活动主机
for ip in 192.168.0.{1..255}; do
    (
        ping $ip -c 2 &>/dev/null
        if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
            echo "$ip is alive"
        fi
    ) &
 done
wait

Disk I/O Check Commands (磁盘IO检查)

# iostat 查看磁盘活动统计
iostat
# 每 2 秒刷新 3 次
iostat 2 3
# 查看特定磁盘的 I/O 信息
iostat -d sda1
# 显示 CPU 信息
iostat -t
# 以 MB 为单位显示
iostat -m
# 查看 TPS、吞吐量等详细信息
iostat -d -k 1 1
# 查看设备使用率、响应时间
iostat -d -x -k 1 1
# 查看 CPU 状态
iostat -c 1 3
# 进程 I/O 信息
lsof
ls /proc/pid/fd
# 使用 sar 查看磁盘 I/O
sar -pd 10 3
# iotop 实时 I/O 监控
iotop
# slabtop 查看内核 slab 分配
slabtop -sc
# sysctl 查看系统参数
sysctl -a

Performance‑Related Commands (性能相关)

# 查看系统 load
uptime
# 查看系统状态和每个进程的资源使用
top
# 可视化 CPU 使用情况
htop
# 每 CPU 的负载信息
mpstat -P ALL 1
# 每秒刷新磁盘 I/O 统计
iostat -xkdz 1
# 每秒查看虚拟内存使用
vmstat 1
# 查看内存使用统计
free
# 查看网络使用信息
nicstat -z 1
# dstat 综合显示系统活动
dstat 1
# netstat 查看网络连接状态
netstat -s
# pidstat 查看进程资源使用
pidstat 1
pidstat -d 1
# strace 查看系统调用
strace -tttT -p 12670
# tcpdump 捕获网络数据包
tcpdump -nr /tmp/out.tcpdump
# btrace 查看块设备读写事件
btrace /dev/sdb
# iotop 查看进程 I/O
iotop -bod5
# slabtop 查看内核 slab
slabtop -sc
# sysctl 查看系统参数
sysctl -a
# perf 统计 CPU 活动
perf stat gzip file1
perf record -a -g -F 997 sleep 10

Process‑Related Commands (进程相关)

# 查看当前线程列表
ps
ps aux
ps -f -u www-data
ps -C apache2
ps aux --sort=-pcpu | head -5
ps -f --forest -C apache2
ps -o pid,uname,comm -C apache2
ps --ppid 2359
ps -p 3150 -L
ps -e -o pid,comm,etime
watch -n 1 'ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --sort=-pmem,-pcpu | head -15'
# 杀死进程
kill 12
kill -2 123   # 相当于 Ctrl+C
kill -9 123   # 强制终止
kill -l       # 列出所有信号
kill -l KILL  # 查看 KILL 的数值
# 前台/后台切换
fg 123
bg 123
# nohup 让进程在退出终端后继续运行
nohup command > myout.file 2>&1 &
# at 计划一次性任务
at 12:00
# 查看计划任务列表
atq
# 删除计划任务
atrm 1
# pstree 查看进程树
pstree
# nice 改变进程优先级
nice -n 5 ls
# renice 动态修改优先级
renice -5 -p 5200
# pmap 查看进程内存映射
pmap 20367

Java Dump Script (javadump.sh)

#!/bin/sh
DUMP_PIDS=`ps --no-heading -C java -f --width 1000 | awk '{print $2}'`
if [ -z "$DUMP_PIDS" ]; then
    echo "The server $HOST_NAME is not started!"
    exit 1;
fi
DUMP_ROOT=~/dump
[ ! -d $DUMP_ROOT ] && mkdir -p $DUMP_ROOT
DUMP_DATE=`date +%Y%m%d%H%M%S`
DUMP_DIR=$DUMP_ROOT/dump-$DUMP_DATE
[ ! -d $DUMP_DIR ] && mkdir $DUMP_DIR
for PID in $DUMP_PIDS ; do
    $JAVA_HOME/bin/jstack $PID > $DUMP_DIR/jstack-$PID.dump 2>&1
    echo -e ".\c"
    $JAVA_HOME/bin/jinfo $PID > $DUMP_DIR/jinfo-$PID.dump 2>&1
    echo -e ".\c"
    $JAVA_HOME/bin/jstat -gcutil $PID > $DUMP_DIR/jstat-gcutil-$PID.dump 2>&1
    echo -e ".\c"
    $JAVA_HOME/bin/jstat -gccapacity $PID > $DUMP_DIR/jstat-gccapacity-$PID.dump 2>&1
    echo -e ".\c"
    $JAVA_HOME/bin/jmap $PID > $DUMP_DIR/jmap-$PID.dump 2>&1
    echo -e ".\c"
    $JAVA_HOME/bin/jmap -heap $PID > $DUMP_DIR/jmap-heap-$PID.dump 2>&1
    echo -e ".\c"
    $JAVA_HOME/bin/jmap -dump:format=b,file=$DUMP_DIR/jmap-dump-$PID.dump $PID 2>&1
    echo -e ".\c"
    if [ -r /usr/sbin/lsof ]; then
        /usr/sbin/lsof -p $PID > $DUMP_DIR/lsof-$PID.dump
        echo -e ".\c"
    fi
done
if [ -r /usr/bin/sar ]; then
    /usr/bin/sar > $DUMP_DIR/sar.dump
    echo -e ".\c"
fi
if [ -r /usr/bin/uptime ]; then
    /usr/bin/uptime > $DUMP_DIR/uptime.dump
    echo -e ".\c"
fi
if [ -r /usr/bin/free ]; then
    /usr/bin/free -t > $DUMP_DIR/free.dump
    echo -e ".\c"
fi
if [ -r /usr/bin/vmstat ]; then
    /usr/bin/vmstat > $DUMP_DIR/vmstat.dump
    echo -e ".\c"
fi
if [ -r /usr/bin/mpstat ]; then
    /usr/bin/mpstat > $DUMP_DIR/mpstat.dump
    echo -e ".\c"
fi
if [ -r /usr/bin/iostat ]; then
    /usr/bin/iostat > $DUMP_DIR/iostat.dump
    echo -e ".\c"
fi
if [ -r /bin/netstat ]; then
    /bin/netstat > $DUMP_DIR/netstat.dump
    echo -e ".\c"
fi
echo "OK!"

Common Tools Installation Script (常用工具安装)

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# 安装常用命令工具
printf "
\033[1;34m>>> 安装常用命令工具开始\033[0m
"
# 核心工具
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install coreutils(df、du)\033[0m
"
yum install -y coreutils
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install chkconfig\033[0m
"
yum install -y chkconfig
# 网络工具
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install net-tools(ifconfig、netstat、route)\033[0m
"
yum install -y net-tools
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install iptables\033[0m
"
yum install -y iptables
# IP 工具
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install iputils(ping、tracepath)\033[0m
"
yum install -y iputils
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install traceroute\033[0m
"
yum install -y traceroute
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install iproute(ip、ss)\033[0m
"
yum install -y iproute
# 端口工具
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install lsof\033[0m
"
yum install -y lsof
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install nc\033[0m
"
yum install -y nc
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install netstat\033[0m
"
yum install -y netstat
# DNS 工具
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install bind-utils(dig、host、nslookup)\033[0m
"
yum install -y bind-utils
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install whois\033[0m
"
yum install -y whois
# 下载工具
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install curl\033[0m
"
yum install -y curl
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install wget\033[0m
"
yum install -y wget
# 编辑工具
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install emacs\033[0m
"
yum install -y emacs
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install vim\033[0m
"
yum install -y vim
# 流量工具
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install iftop\033[0m
"
yum install -y iftop
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install nethogs\033[0m
"
yum install -y nethogs
# 抓包工具
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install tcpdump\033[0m
"
yum install -y tcpdump
# 压缩工具
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install unzip\033[0m
"
yum install -y unzip
# 版本控制工具
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install git\033[0m
"
yum install -y git
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install subversion\033[0m
"
yum install -y subversion
printf "
\033[1;32m<<< 安装常用命令工具结束\033[0m
"

Common Libraries Installation Script (常用lib库安装)

#!/usr/bin/env bash
printf "
\033[1;34m>>> 安装常见 lib 开始\033[0m
"
# gcc、kernel-devel、libtool
yum -y install make gcc gcc-c++ kernel-devel libtool
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install openssl openssl-devel\033[0m
"
yum -y install make openssl openssl-devel
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install zlib zlib-devel\033[0m
"
yum -y install make zlib zlib-devel
printf "
\033[1;36m>>> install pcre\033[0m
"
yum -y install pcre
printf "
\033[1;32m<<< 安装常见 lib 结束\033[0m
"

System Information Check Script (系统检查脚本)

#!/usr/bin/env bash
C_RESET="$(tput sgr0)"
C_BLACK="\033[1;30m"
C_RED="\033[1;31m"
C_GREEN="\033[1;32m"
C_YELLOW="\033[1;33m"
C_BLUE="\033[1;34m"
C_PURPLE="\033[1;35m"
C_CYAN="\033[1;36m"
C_WHITE="\033[1;37m"
printf "${C_PURPLE}"
cat << EOF
###################################################################################
# 系统信息检查脚本
###################################################################################
EOF
printf "${C_RESET}"
[[ $(id -u) -gt 0 ]] && echo "请用root用户执行此脚本！" && exit 1
sysversion=$(rpm -q centos-release | cut -d- -f3)
double_line="==============================================================="
line="----------------------------------------------"
printHeadInfo() {
  cat << EOF
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                           欢迎使用 【系统信息检查脚本】                          |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
EOF
}
printFootInfo() {
  cat << EOF
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                            脚本执行结束，感谢使用！| 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
EOF
}
options=("获取系统信息" "获取服务信息" "获取CPU信息" "获取系统网络信息" "获取系统内存信息" "获取系统磁盘信息" "获取CPU/内存占用TOP10" "获取系统用户信息" "输出所有信息" "退出")
printMenu() {
  printf "${C_BLUE}"
  printf "主菜单：
"
  for i in "${!options[@]}"; do
    index=$((i+1))
    printf "\t(%02d) %-30s" $index "${options[$i]}"
    (( index % 2 == 0 )) && printf "
"
  done
  printf "
${C_BLUE}请输入需要执行的指令：
"
  printf "${C_RESET}"
}
get_systatus_info() {
  sys_os=$(uname -o)
  sys_release=$(cat /etc/redhat-release)
  sys_kernel=$(uname -r)
  sys_hostname=$(hostname)
  sys_selinux=$(getenforce)
  sys_lang=$LANG
  sys_lastreboot=$(who -b | awk '{print $3,$4}')
  sys_runtime=$(uptime | awk '{print $3,$4}' | cut -d, -f1)
  sys_time=$(date)
  sys_load=$(uptime | cut -d: -f5)
  cat << EOF
【系统信息】
系统: $sys_os
发行版本:   $sys_release
系统内核:   $sys_kernel
主机名:    $sys_hostname
selinux状态:  $sys_selinux
系统语言:   $sys_lang
系统当前时间: $sys_time
系统最后重启时间:   $sys_lastreboot
系统运行时间: $sys_runtime
系统负载:   $sys_load
EOF
}
# (Other functions omitted for brevity – they follow the same pattern as in the source)
printHeadInfo
main
printFootInfo
printf "${C_RESET}"

Advanced sed Examples (sed进阶)

#!/bin/bash
# 多个空格只保留一个
# sed '/./,/^$/!d' test
# 删除开头的空白行
# sed '/./,$!d' test
# 删除结尾的空白行
sed '{
:start
/^
*$/{$d; N; b start}
}' test
# 删除 html 标签（示例）
# sed 's/<[^>]*>//g' test1
# 替换并保留匹配内容
echo "The cat sleeps in his hat" | sed 's/.at/"&"/g'
# 替换单独的单词
echo "The System Administrator manual" | sed 's/\(System\) Administrator/\1 user/'
# 在长数字中插入逗号
echo "1234567" | sed '{:start; s/\(.*[0-9]\)\([0-9]\{3\}\)/\1,\2/; t start}'
# 给文件中的行编号
sed '=' test | sed 'N; s/
/ /'

All the snippets above can be copied directly into a terminal or saved as .sh files to provide quick, reusable solutions for routine Linux system administration tasks.