Implementing a Netty WebSocket Client in Java

In earlier Socket tutorials the focus was on two client types— WebSocket and Socket.IO —which required a separate thread for each connection, consuming considerable CPU and memory resources when handling thousands of sockets.

To reduce thread usage, the author switched to a Go implementation using packages such as /net/websocket and gorilla/websocket . A comparable Java solution is provided using the Netty framework.

Dependency

<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/io.netty/netty-all -->
io.netty
netty-all
4.1.85.Final

Netty WebSocket client

The client creates a connection and uses an event‑loop thread pool ( io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup ) together with a io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap to manage channel creation, message sending, and receiving.

package com.funtester.socket.netty

import com.funtester.frame.execute.ThreadPoolUtil
import groovy.util.logging.Log4j2
import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap
import io.netty.channel.*
import io.netty.channel.group.ChannelGroup
import io.netty.channel.group.DefaultChannelGroup
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.DefaultHttpHeaders
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpClientCodec
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpObjectAggregator
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.WebSocketClientHandshaker
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.WebSocketClientHandshakerFactory
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.WebSocketVersion
import io.netty.handler.stream.ChunkedWriteHandler
import io.netty.util.concurrent.GlobalEventExecutor

@Log4j2
class WebSocketConnector {
    static Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap()
    static EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup(ThreadPoolUtil.getFactory("N"))
    static {
        bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
    }
    static ChannelGroup clients = new DefaultChannelGroup(GlobalEventExecutor.INSTANCE)
    WebSocketClientHandshaker handShaker
    ChannelPromise handshakeFuture
    String host
    int port
    Channel channel
    WebSocketIoHandler handler

    WebSocketConnector(String host, int port) {
        this.host = host
        this.port = port
        String URL = this.host + ":" + this.port + "/test"
        URI uri = new URI(URL)
        handler = new WebSocketIoHandler(WebSocketClientHandshakerFactory.newHandshaker(uri, WebSocketVersion.V13, null, true, new DefaultHttpHeaders()))
        bootstrap.option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true)
                .option(ChannelOption.SO_TIMEOUT, true)
                .option(ChannelOption.SO_BROADCAST, true)
                .option(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE, true)
                .handler(new ChannelInitializer
() {
                    @Override
                    protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                        ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline()
                        pipeline.addLast(new HttpClientCodec())
                        pipeline.addLast(new ChunkedWriteHandler())
                        pipeline.addLast(new HttpObjectAggregator(1024 * 1024))
                        pipeline.addLast(handler)
                    }
                })
    }

    void connect() {
        try {
            try {
                ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.connect(this.host + "ws://" + "wss://", this.port).sync()
                this.channel = future.channel()
                clients.add(channel)
            } catch (e) {
                log.error("创建channel失败", e)
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("连接服务失败", e)
        } finally {
            this.handshakeFuture = handler.handshakeFuture()
        }
    }

    void close() {
        this.channel.close()
    }
}

The ChannelGroup ( io.netty.channel.group.ChannelGroup ) automatically tracks all active channels and removes closed ones, simplifying resource management.

Two helper methods are added for sending messages:

/**
 * Send a text message
 */
void sendText(String msg) {
    channel.writeAndFlush(new TextWebSocketFrame(msg))
}

/**
 * Send a ping message
 */
void ping() {
    channel.writeAndFlush(new PingWebSocketFrame())
}

Message handler

The handler extends io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler to process different WebSocketFrame types, such as text, close, and idle events, and to manage the handshake lifecycle.

package com.funtester.socket.netty

import groovy.util.logging.Log4j2
import io.netty.channel.*
import io.netty.channel.group.ChannelGroup
import io.netty.channel.group.DefaultChannelGroup
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.FullHttpResponse
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.*
import io.netty.handler.timeout.IdleState
import io.netty.handler.timeout.IdleStateEvent
import io.netty.util.concurrent.GlobalEventExecutor

/**
 * WebSocket client IO handler
 */
@Log4j2
class WebSocketIoHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler
{
    private ChannelGroup clients = new DefaultChannelGroup(GlobalEventExecutor.INSTANCE)
    private final WebSocketClientHandshaker handShaker
    private ChannelPromise handshakeFuture

    WebSocketIoHandler(WebSocketClientHandshaker handShaker) {
        this.handShaker = handShaker
    }

    ChannelFuture handshakeFuture() { return handshakeFuture }

    @Override
    void handlerAdded(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
        handshakeFuture = ctx.newPromise()
    }

    @Override
    void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
        handShaker.handshake(ctx.channel())
    }

    @Override
    void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
        ctx.close()
        try { super.channelInactive(ctx) } catch (Exception e) { log.error("channelInactive 异常.", e) }
        log.warn("WebSocket链路与服务器连接已断开.")
    }

    @Override
    void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
        Channel ch = ctx.channel()
        if (!handShaker.isHandshakeComplete()) {
            try {
                handShaker.finishHandshake(ch, (FullHttpResponse) msg)
                handshakeFuture.setSuccess()
            } catch (WebSocketHandshakeException e) {
                log.warn("WebSocket Client failed to connect", e)
                handshakeFuture.setFailure(e)
            }
            return
        }
        WebSocketFrame frame = (WebSocketFrame) msg
        if (frame instanceof TextWebSocketFrame) {
            String s = ((TextWebSocketFrame) frame).text()
        } else if (frame instanceof CloseWebSocketFrame) {
            log.info("WebSocket Client closing")
            ch.close()
        }
    }

    @Override
    void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        log.error("WebSocket链路由于发生异常,与服务器连接已断开.", cause)
        if (!handshakeFuture.isDone()) {
            handshakeFuture.setFailure(cause)
        }
        ctx.close()
        super.exceptionCaught(ctx, cause)
    }

    @Override
    void userEventTriggered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object evt) throws Exception {
        if (evt instanceof IdleStateEvent) {
            IdleStateEvent event = (IdleStateEvent) evt
            if (IdleState.WRITER_IDLE == event.state() || IdleState.READER_IDLE == event.state()) {
                def channel = ctx.channel()
                channel.writeAndFlush(new TextWebSocketFrame("dsf"))
            }
        } else {
            super.userEventTriggered(ctx, evt)
        }
    }
}

The implementation deliberately omits message persistence because the primary use case is testing massive (>10,000) concurrent connections, where storing responses is not essential.

Future work will compare the resource consumption of three socket client implementations—Go, Java Netty, and traditional Socket—under ultra‑high connection loads.