Linux Directory Structure, Common Commands, and Vim Basics
This article introduces Linux as a widely used server OS, explains its directory hierarchy, outlines essential command-line operations, describes file permission notation, and provides an overview of Vim editing modes and useful shortcuts.
Linux is the most widely used server operating system, based on Unix, open‑source and free, known for its stability and security, making it the preferred environment for running program code.
It can run continuously for long periods and is also embedded in various hardware such as smartphones and routers, with Android’s lowest layer built on Linux.
1. Linux Directory Structure
The root (/) contains several standard subdirectories: bin: binary executable files sbin: system binaries, accessible only by root etc: system configuration files usr: shared system resources home: user home directories root: root user’s home dev: device files lib: shared libraries and kernel modules mnt: mount points for temporary filesystems boot: boot loader files tmp: temporary files var: variable data such as logs
2. Common Linux Commands
Command format: command -options arguments (options and arguments may be omitted).
2.1 File and Directory Operations
Examples include ls -la /usr to list detailed contents of /usr.
2.2 System Commands
Various commands for system monitoring, process management, and networking are illustrated (images omitted).
2.3 Compression and Decompression
Commands for handling archive files are presented.
2.4 File Permission Operations
Permissions are displayed as a ten‑character string, where the first character indicates file type (d for directory, - for regular file, l for link) and the remaining nine characters represent read (r), write (w), and execute (x) permissions for user, group, and others, optionally expressed numerically (e.g., 764).
3. Linux Shortcut Keys and Symbolic Commands
Commonly used keyboard shortcuts and symbolic commands are listed.
4. Vim Editor
Vim is a powerful text editor on Linux that operates entirely via commands without menus. The article shows mode switching diagrams and covers:
Modifying text
Navigation commands
Search and replace
Deletion commands
Frequently used shortcuts
Each section includes illustrative screenshots.
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