Master MySQL: Complete Installation and Configuration Guide for Linux (Rocky, Ubuntu, Debian, openSUSE)

MySQL Introduction and Installation

1. MySQL Overview

1.1 Definition of MySQL

MySQL is a high‑performance, multi‑user, multi‑threaded relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses SQL (Structured Query Language) as its interface. It was originally developed by MySQL AB, later acquired by Sun, and now belongs to Oracle, while remaining open‑source under the GPL license.

1.2 Features of MySQL

Open source and free.

High performance and scalability.

Cross‑platform support (Linux, Windows, macOS, etc.).

Easy to use command‑line and graphical tools (e.g., MySQL Workbench).

Strong extensibility with multiple storage engines.

Robust security mechanisms (user privileges, encryption, SSL/TLS).

1.3 Application Areas

Web site development (e.g., content management systems, e‑commerce platforms).

Enterprise‑level applications (CRM, ERP, etc.).

Data warehousing and analytics (as part of a larger data pipeline).

Mobile application back‑ends.

1.4 Storage Engines

InnoDB – default engine, supports ACID transactions, row‑level locking, foreign keys.

MyISAM – older engine, supports full‑text search, uses table‑level locking, no transactions.

Memory – stores data in RAM for ultra‑fast access; data is lost on restart.

1.5 Architecture

MySQL architecture is divided into three layers:

Client layer : command‑line client, GUI tools, or programming language connectors send SQL statements.

Server layer : parses, optimizes, and executes queries; includes connection pool, query optimizer, and cache.

Storage‑engine layer : actual data storage and retrieval; each engine implements its own file format and indexing.

1.6 Advantages and Limitations

Advantages: excellent performance, low cost, large community, easy learning curve, wide ecosystem.

Limitations: fewer advanced analytical features compared with some commercial databases, possible data‑consistency issues if misconfigured, higher maintenance for very large clusters.

1.7 Future Trends

Continuous performance tuning for high concurrency and big‑data workloads.

Deeper integration with cloud services (e.g., Amazon RDS, Azure Database for MySQL, Alibaba Cloud MySQL).

2. MySQL Installation

2.1 Host Initialization (Network and System Settings)

2.1.1 Set Network Interface Name

For Rocky Linux 9/10, AlmaLinux 9/10, CentOS Stream 9/10, AnolisOS 23, OpenCloudOS 9:

# mkdir -p /etc/systemd/network/
# cat > /etc/systemd/network/70-eth0.link <<EOF
[Match]
MACAddress=00:0c:29:f8:60:8f

[Link]
Name=eth0
EOF

Alternative using variables:

ETHNAME=$(ip addr | awk -F'[ :]' '/^2/{print $3}')
ETHMAC=$(ip addr show ${ETHNAME} | awk -F' ' '/ether/{print $2}')
cat > /etc/systemd/network/70-eth0.link <<EOF
[Match]
MACAddress=${ETHMAC}

[Link]
Name=eth0
EOF

2.1.2 Modify NetworkManager Configuration (if NetworkManager is used)

# mv /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/ens160.nmconnection /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/eth0.nmconnection
# sed -i.bak 's/ens160/eth0/' /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/eth0.nmconnection

2.1.3 Configure GRUB (for older RHEL‑compatible releases)

# sed -ri 's/^GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=.*/& net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0/' /etc/default/grub
# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg   # BIOS systems
# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/rocky/grub.cfg   # UEFI systems

2.1.4 Create Udev Rule (optional, e.g., on AnolisOS 8)

# cat > /etc/udev/rules.d/10-network.rules <<EOF
SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION=="add", ATTR{address}=="00:0c:29:c5:38:3b", NAME="eth0"
EOF

2.1.5 Configure Network Interface File

Example for CentOS 7 (if using ifcfg‑eth0):

# cat > /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 <<EOF
NAME=eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=none
IPADDR=172.31.0.9
PREFIX=21
GATEWAY=172.31.0.2
DNS1=223.5.5.5
DNS2=180.76.76.76
EOF

2.1.6 Disable Firewall (optional for testing environments)

# systemctl disable --now firewalld   # RHEL, Rocky, AlmaLinux, CentOS, openEuler, AnolisOS, OpenCloudOS, openSUSE, Kylin, UOS
# systemctl disable --now ufw       # Ubuntu

2.1.7 Disable SELinux (if applicable)

# setenforce 0
# sed -i 's/^SELINUX=enforcing/SELINUX=disabled/' /etc/selinux/config

2.1.8 Disable AppArmor (openSUSE)

# systemctl disable --now apparmor

2.1.9 Set Timezone

# timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai
# echo "Asia/Shanghai" > /etc/timezone

2.2 Install MySQL from Distribution Repositories

2.2.1 Yum/DNF (RHEL‑compatible)

Enable the official MySQL Yum repository (example for Rocky 9):

# yum install -y wget
# wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql84-community-release-el9-1.noarch.rpm
# rpm -ivh mysql84-community-release-el9-1.noarch.rpm
# yum makecache
# yum list mysql-community-server --showduplicates
# yum install -y mysql-community-server
# systemctl enable --now mysqld

Verify installation:

# mysql -V
# systemctl status mysqld
# grep 'temporary password' /var/log/mysqld.log

2.2.2 Apt (Debian/Ubuntu)

Install the MySQL APT repository package:

# wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql-apt-config_0.8.34-1_all.deb
# dpkg -i mysql-apt-config_0.8.34-1_all.deb   # Choose "MySQL Server & Cluster" → "mysql-8.4-lts"
# apt update
# apt install -y mysql-community-server
# systemctl enable --now mysql

Retrieve the temporary root password and change it:

# grep 'temporary password' /var/log/mysql/error.log
# mysqladmin -uroot -p'YOUR_TEMP_PASSWORD' password 'NewStrongP@ssw0rd!'

2.2.3 Zypper (openSUSE)

Add the MySQL community repository for openSUSE 15:

# wget https://repo.mysql.com/mysql80-community-release-sles15-1.noarch.rpm
# rpm -Uvh mysql80-community-release-sles15-1.noarch.rpm
# zypper refresh
# zypper install -y mysql-community-server
# systemctl enable --now mysql

Check the temporary password and set a new one:

# grep 'temporary password' /var/log/mysql/mysqld.log
# mysqladmin -uroot -p'YOUR_TEMP_PASSWORD' password 'NewStrongP@ssw0rd!'

2.3 Verify the Installation

After setting a new root password, log into MySQL and confirm basic operation:

# mysql -uroot -p'NewStrongP@ssw0rd!'
mysql> status;
mysql> show databases;
mysql> exit;

Typical output shows the server version, uptime, and the default system databases ( information_schema, mysql, performance_schema, sys).

3. Additional Resources

For detailed configuration, performance tuning, and replication setup, refer to the official MySQL documentation at https://dev.mysql.com/doc/ .