Master Python Function Arguments: Positional, Keyword, Default, *args, **kwargs

Example 1: Positional Arguments

def greet(name, age):
    print(f"Hello, {name}, you are {age} years old.")

greet("Xiaoming", 20)

Output: Hello, Xiaoming, you are 20 years old.

Explanation: Values are passed according to the order defined in the function signature.

Example 2: Keyword Arguments

def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
    print(f"This is a {animal_type}, named {pet_name}.")

describe_pet(pet_name="Wangcai", animal_type="dog")

Output: This is a dog, named Wangcai.

Explanation: Arguments are passed using

key=value

syntax, independent of order.

Example 3: Default Arguments

def say_hello(name="User"):
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")

say_hello()
say_hello("Xiaohong")

Outputs:

Hello, User!

Hello, Xiaohong!

Explanation: If no argument is supplied, the default value is used.

Example 4: Mutable Default Argument Pitfall

def add_item(item, lst=[]):
    lst.append(item)
    return lst

print(add_item(1))   # Output: [1]
print(add_item(2))   # Output: [1, 2] ❗Problem!

Explanation: The default list is created once at function definition, so subsequent calls share the same list.

Correct approach:

def add_item(item, lst=None):
    if lst is None:
        lst = []
    lst.append(item)
    return lst

print(add_item(1))   # Output: [1]
print(add_item(2))   # Output: [2]

Example 5: *args (Variable‑Length Positional Arguments)

def sum_numbers(*args):
    print("Received arguments:", args)
    print("Sum:", sum(args))

sum_numbers(1, 2, 3, 4)

Output:

Received arguments: (1, 2, 3, 4)

Sum: 10

Explanation:

*args

packs multiple positional arguments into a tuple.

Example 6: **kwargs (Variable‑Length Keyword Arguments)

def show_info(**kwargs):
    print("Received keyword arguments:", kwargs)
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        print(f"{key}: {value}")

show_info(name="Zhang San", age=28, city="Beijing")

Output:

Received keyword arguments: {'name': 'Zhang San', 'age': 28, 'city': 'Beijing'}

name: Zhang San

age: 28

city: Beijing

Explanation:

**kwargs

packs multiple keyword arguments into a dictionary.

Example 7: Mixing *args and **kwargs

def demo_func(a, b, *args, **kwargs):
    print("a:", a)
    print("b:", b)
    print("*args:", args)
    print("**kwargs:", kwargs)

demo_func(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, name="Tom", age=22)

Output:

a: 1

b: 2

*args: (3, 4, 5)

**kwargs: {'name': 'Tom', 'age': 22}

Explanation: A function can receive positional arguments, variable‑length positional arguments, keyword arguments, and variable‑length keyword arguments simultaneously.

Example 8: Argument Unpacking with * and **

def multiply(a, b, c):
    return a * b * c

numbers = [2, 3, 4]
result = multiply(*numbers)  # Unpack list
print(result)  # Output: 24

info = {"a": 5, "b": 6, "c": 7}
result = multiply(**info)  # Unpack dict
print(result)  # Output: 210

Explanation:

*

unpacks sequences,

**

unpacks dictionaries, enabling dynamic argument passing.

Example 9: Correct Parameter Order

def order_example(a, b, *args, keyword_only=True, **kwargs):
    print("a:", a)
    print("b:", b)
    print("*args:", args)
    print("keyword_only:", keyword_only)
    print("**kwargs:", kwargs)

order_example(1, 2, 3, 4, keyword_only=False, name="Lucy")

Output:

a: 1

b: 2

*args: (3, 4)

keyword_only: False

**kwargs: {'name': 'Lucy'}

Explanation: Parameter order matters: positional →

*args

→ keyword‑only →

**kwargs

.

Example 10: Modifying a Mutable Object Inside a Function

def modify_list(lst):
    lst.append(99)
    print("Inside function list:", lst)

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
modify_list(my_list)
print("Outside function list:", my_list)

Output:

Inside function list: [1, 2, 3, 99]

Outside function list: [1, 2, 3, 99]

Explanation: Lists are mutable; changes inside the function affect the original object because Python uses a reference‑passing mechanism.