Mastering Spring Boot @Profile: Conditional Bean Registration Guide

Environment

Spring Boot version: 2.4.10

@Profile Annotation Overview

The @Profile annotation indicates that a component should be registered only when one or more specified configuration profiles are active.

1. Simple Application

application.yml

server:
  port: 8081
---
spring:
  profiles:
    active:
      - test

application-test.yml

custom:
  name: test
  index: 1

application-dev.yml

custom:
  name: dev
  index: 0

Property Configuration Class

@Component
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "test")
public class CustomProperties {
    private String name;
    private Integer index;
}

When spring.profiles.active=test is set in the main configuration, the properties from application-test.yml are injected.

2. Register Bean According to Profile

Configuration class:

@Configuration
public class ProfileConfig {

    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "custom")
    @Profile("dev")
    public CustomProperties cp() {
        return new CustomProperties();
    }

    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "custom")
    @Profile("test")
    public CustomProperties cp() {
        CustomProperties cp = new CustomProperties();
        cp.setName("测试环境");
        cp.setIndex(10);
        return cp;
    }
}

The above configuration registers different CustomProperties beans depending on the active profile.

3. Multi‑Condition Profile Usage

You can specify multiple values for @Profile; the bean is registered if any one matches.

@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "custom")
@Profile({"dev", "jdbc"})
public CustomProperties devJdbc() {
    return new CustomProperties();
}

The bean registers when the active profile contains either dev or jdbc.

4. Logical Operators in Profile

Negation (!)

@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "custom")
@Profile("!dev")
public CustomProperties cp() {
    return new CustomProperties();
}

The bean registers as long as the active profile does not include dev.

AND (&)

@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "custom")
@Profile("dev & jdbc")
public CustomProperties cp() {
    return new CustomProperties();
}

The bean registers only when both dev and jdbc are present in the active profiles (other profiles may also be present).

OR (|)

@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "custom")
@Profile("dev | jdbc")
public CustomProperties cp() {
    return new CustomProperties();
}

The bean registers when either dev or jdbc is present.

5. Default Profile Configuration

You can define a default bean that applies when no other profile conditions are satisfied.

@Bean
@Profile("default")
public CustomProperties defCP() {
    CustomProperties cp = new CustomProperties();
    cp.setName("default");
    cp.setIndex(1000);
    return cp;
}

If spring.profiles.active is not set, this default bean becomes active. If a profile is set but none of the conditions match, the default bean will not be applied.

End of tutorial.