Merging Backend Requests in SpringBoot to Reduce Database Connections

The author, a senior architect, demonstrates the significance of request merging to save valuable database connection resources by consolidating multiple user queries into a single SQL statement.

Technical Means

LinkedBlockingQueue

– a blocking queue for request aggregation. ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor – a scheduled thread pool that periodically processes the queued requests. CompletableFuture – used to return results asynchronously (note: Java 8 CompletableFuture lacks a timeout mechanism, which is later addressed).

Code Implementation

Query Service Interface

public interface UserService {
    Map<String, Users> queryUserByIdBatch(List<UserWrapBatchService.Request> userReqs);
}

@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
    @Resource
    private UsersMapper usersMapper;

    @Override
    public Map<String, Users> queryUserByIdBatch(List<UserWrapBatchService.Request> userReqs) {
        List<Long> userIds = userReqs.stream().map(UserWrapBatchService.Request::getUserId).collect(Collectors.toList());
        QueryWrapper<Users> queryWrapper = new QueryWrapper<>();
        queryWrapper.in("id", userIds);
        List<Users> users = usersMapper.selectList(queryWrapper);
        Map<Long, List<Users>> userGroup = users.stream().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Users::getId));
        HashMap<String, Users> result = new HashMap<>();
        userReqs.forEach(val -> {
            List<Users> usersList = userGroup.get(val.getUserId());
            if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(usersList)) {
                result.put(val.getRequestId(), usersList.get(0));
            } else {
                result.put(val.getRequestId(), null);
            }
        });
        return result;
    }
}

Batch Request Service

package com.springboot.sample.service.impl;

import com.springboot.sample.bean.Users;
import com.springboot.sample.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;

@Service
public class UserWrapBatchService {
    @Resource
    private UserService userService;

    public static int MAX_TASK_NUM = 100;

    public class Request {
        String requestId;
        Long userId;
        CompletableFuture<Users> completableFuture;
        // getters and setters omitted for brevity
    }

    private final Queue<Request> queue = new LinkedBlockingQueue();

    @PostConstruct
    public void init() {
        ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
        scheduledExecutorService.scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> {
            int size = queue.size();
            if (size == 0) return;
            List<Request> list = new ArrayList<>();
            for (int i = 0; i < size && i < MAX_TASK_NUM; i++) {
                list.add(queue.poll());
            }
            List<Request> userReqs = new ArrayList<>(list);
            Map<String, Users> response = userService.queryUserByIdBatch(userReqs);
            for (Request request : list) {
                Users result = response.get(request.requestId);
                request.completableFuture.complete(result);
            }
        }, 100, 10, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
    }

    public Users queryUser(Long userId) {
        Request request = new Request();
        request.requestId = UUID.randomUUID().toString().replace("-", "");
        request.userId = userId;
        CompletableFuture<Users> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
        request.completableFuture = future;
        queue.offer(request);
        try {
            return future.get();
        } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }
}

Controller Invocation

/*** Request merging */
@RequestMapping("/merge")
public Callable<Users> merge(Long userId) {
    return () -> userBatchService.queryUser(userId);
}

High‑Concurrency Test

package com.springboot.sample;

import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;

public class TestBatch {
    private static int threadCount = 30;
    private static final CountDownLatch COUNT_DOWN_LATCH = new CountDownLatch(threadCount);
    private static final RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++) {
            new Thread(() -> {
                COUNT_DOWN_LATCH.countDown();
                try { COUNT_DOWN_LATCH.await(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
                for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
                    int param = new Random().nextInt(4);
                    if (param <= 0) param++;
                    String response = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:8080/asyncAndMerge/merge?userId=" + param, String.class);
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " param " + param + " response " + response);
                }
            }).start();
        }
    }
}

Conclusion

Request merging and batch processing can dramatically reduce the number of database connections or remote‑service calls, improving resource utilization in high‑concurrency scenarios, though it adds a small waiting latency and may not suit low‑traffic workloads.