Python Built‑in Functions, Data Types, and Common Operations Overview

This guide introduces Python's built‑in functions and demonstrates how to use them with common data types and operations.

Built‑in Functions List

# 68 built-in functions
# abs()          dict()       help()        min()        setattr()
# all()          dir()        hex()         next()       slice()
# any()          divmod()     id()          object()     sorted()
# ascii()        enumerate()  input()       oct()        staticmethod()
# bin()          eval()       int()         open()       str()
# bool()         exec()       isinstance()  ord()        sum()
# bytearray()    filter()     issubclass()  pow()        super()
# bytes()        float()      iter()        print()      tuple()
# callable()     format()     len()         property()   type()
# chr()          frozenset()  list()        range()      vars()
# classmethod() getattr()    locals()      repr()       zip()
# compile()      globals()    map()         reversed()   __import__()
# complex()      hasattr()    max()         round()
# delattr()      hash()       memoryview()  set()

Data Types

bool – Boolean type (True, False)

int – Integer type

float – Floating‑point number

complex – Complex number

Number Base Conversion

print(bin(10))   # binary: 0b1010
print(hex(10))   # hexadecimal: 0xa
print(oct(10))   # octal: 0o12

Mathematical Operations

print(abs(-2))                # absolute value: 2
print(divmod(20, 3))         # (quotient, remainder): (6, 2)
print(round(4.50))            # 4
print(round(4.51))            # 5
print(pow(10, 2, 3))         # (10**2) % 3 = 1
print(sum([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]))  # 55
print(min(5,3,9,12,7,2))    # 2
print(max(7,3,15,9,4,13))   # 15

Sequences – List and Tuple

print(list((1,2,3,4,5,6)))   # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
print(tuple([1,2,3,4,5,6]))   # (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

Additional sequence utilities:

lst = "你好啊"
it = reversed(lst)          # returns an iterator, original unchanged
print(list(it))              # ['啊', '好', '你']

lst = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
print(lst[1:3:1])            # [2, 3]
s = slice(1,3,1)
print(lst[s])                # [2, 3]

String Conversion and Formatting

print(str(123) + '456')      # 123456
print(format('hello world!', '^20'))   # centered
print(format('hello world!', '<20'))   # left‑aligned
print(format('hello world!', '>20'))   # right‑aligned
print(format(3, 'b'))        # binary: 11
print(format(97, 'c'))       # character: a
print(format(11, 'x'))      # hex (lowercase): b
print(format(11, 'X'))      # hex (uppercase): B
print(format(123456789, 'e'))   # scientific notation
print(format(1.23456789, '.2f')) # 1.23

Bytes and Bytearray

bs = bytes("今天吃饭了吗", encoding="utf-8")
print(bs)                     # b'\xe4\xbb\x8a...'
ret = bytearray("alex", encoding="utf-8")
print(ret[0])                 # 97
print(ret)                    # bytearray(b'alex')
ret[0] = 65                  # modify first byte
print(str(ret))               # bytearray(b'Alex')

Character Code Utilities

print(ord('a'))               # 97
print(ord('中'))               # 20013
print(chr(65))                # A
print(chr(19999))              # 丢

Object Representation

s = "今天
吃了%s顿\t饭" % 3
print(s)                      # 今天
吃了3顿    饭
print(repr(s))                # '今天
吃了3顿\t饭'

Collections – len and sorted

lst = [5,7,6,12,1,13,9,18,5]
lst.sort()
print(lst)                     # [1, 5, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 18]
ll = sorted(lst)
print(ll)                      # same as above
l2 = sorted(lst, reverse=True)
print(l2)                      # [18, 13, 12, 9, 7, 6, 5, 5, 1]

# sort by string length
lst = ['one','two','three','four','five','six']
def f(s):
    return len(s)
print(sorted(lst, key=f))      # ['one','two','six','four','five','three']

Enumeration

lst = ['one','two','three','four','five']
for index, el in enumerate(lst, 1):
    print(index)
    print(el)
# 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five

Logical Checks – all and any

print(all([1,'hello',True,9]))   # True
print(any([0,0,0,False,1,'good'])) # True

Zip

lst1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
lst2 = ['醉乡民谣','驴得水','放牛班的春天','美丽人生','辩护人','被嫌弃的松子的一生']
lst3 = ['美国','中国','法国','意大利','韩国','日本']
for el in zip(lst1, lst2, lst3):
    print(el)
# (1, '醉乡民谣', '美国') ...

Filter

def func(i):
    return i % 2 == 1
lst = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
print(list(filter(func, lst)))   # [1,3,5,7,9]

Map

def f(i):
    return i
lst = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
print(list(map(f, lst)))          # [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]

Iterators – range, iter, next

for i in range(15, -1, -5):
    print(i)   # 15 10 5 0
lst = [1,2,3,4,5]
it = iter(lst)
print(it.__next__())   # 1
print(next(it))         # 2
print(next(it))         # 3
print(next(it))         # 4

Dynamic Execution – eval, exec, compile

s1 = input("请输入 a+b:")   # e.g., 8+9
print(eval(s1))                # 17
s2 = "for i in range(5): print(i)"
exec(s2)                       # prints 0‑4
code1 = "for i in range(3): print(i)"
com = compile(code1, "", mode="exec")
exec(com)                       # 0 1 2
code2 = "5+6+7"
print(eval(compile(code2, "", mode="eval")))  # 18

File Operations

f = open('file', mode='r', encoding='utf-8')
content = f.read()
f.close()

Dynamic Module Import

import os
name = input("请输入你要导入的模块:")
__import__(name)   # imports the module entered by the user

Help and Introspection

print(help(str))   # shows documentation for str
print(callable(10))   # False
print(callable(lambda x: x))   # True
print(dir(tuple))   # list of tuple methods

This material serves as a practical reference for Python developers learning the language's core built‑in capabilities.