Which Java String Concatenation Method Is Fastest? JMH Benchmarks Reveal Surprising Results

The article introduces a Spring Boot 3 practical case collection and focuses on the performance comparison of eight string concatenation methods in Java.

1. Introduction

String concatenation is a frequent operation in development, used in logging, data processing, UI generation, and more. Different concatenation approaches have significant performance differences that developers often overlook.

2. Eight Concatenation Methods

"+" operator

String#concat

String#join

String#format

Stream API

StringBuffer

StringBuilder

StringJoiner

3. JMH Benchmark Setup

The benchmarks are written using JMH. Each method is measured with the following annotations:

// Warmup 1s, 3 iterations
@Warmup(iterations = 3, time = 1)
// Fork 1 JVM with 512m heap
@Fork(value = 1, jvmArgsAppend = {"-Xms512m", "-Xmx512m"})
// Measure average time
@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
// Output in nanoseconds
@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
// 10 measurement iterations, 2s each
@Measurement(iterations = 10, time = 2, timeUnit = TimeUnit.SECONDS)
public class StringJoinTest {
    // The eight concatenation methods are placed here
}

The benchmark can be run via a main method:

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    Options options = new OptionsBuilder()
        .include(StringJoinTest.class.getSimpleName())
        .forks(1)
        .build();
    new Runner(options).run();
}

4. Benchmark Results

The following chart shows the measured average time (ns/op) for each method:

Key observations:

The "+" operator is the most efficient.

String#format is the slowest by a large margin.

5. Performance Ranking

plusOperator : 6.154 ± 0.119 ns/op

concat : 8.584 ± 0.175 ns/op

stringBuilder : 11.560 ± 0.216 ns/op

stringBuffer : 12.340 ± 0.150 ns/op

stringJoiner : 29.932 ± 0.236 ns/op

join : 28.210 ± 0.241 ns/op

stream : 34.293 ± 0.284 ns/op

format : 409.691 ± 2.941 ns/op

These results demonstrate that simple concatenation with the "+" operator outperforms more complex APIs in single‑threaded scenarios.