Fundamentals of High‑Precision Mapping and Coordinate Systems
The article explains high‑precision mapping fundamentals, from Earth’s ellipsoid and geoid definitions and common datums to 2‑D map projections, then details vehicle‑centred and sensor coordinate frames (ECEF, ENU, body, LiDAR, IMU, camera), their transformations, rotation representations, and key standards such as EPSG and Proj.4.