From Ontology to CBE: The Four-Layer Ladder for Flexible Ontology Application

The article distinguishes objective and perspective ontologies, identifies two gaps between static knowledge and dynamic systems, and proposes a four-layer engineering paradigm—Unique Ontology, Perspective Ontology, Component-Based Design, and BIP—to build executable ontology twins for planning and optimization.

BIPComponent-Based EngineeringDigital Twin

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