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ITPUB
ITPUB
Jul 28, 2025 · Backend Development

How WeChat Guarantees No Lost Messages: The Secrets of Reliable IM Delivery

This article explains the three types of IM packets—Request, Acknowledge, and Notify—illustrates the basic message flow between client and server, identifies reliability gaps such as lost notifications, and proposes an application‑level solution using acknowledgments, timeout‑driven retransmission, and message deduplication to achieve dependable delivery.

AcknowledgmentBackend ArchitectureIM
0 likes · 8 min read
How WeChat Guarantees No Lost Messages: The Secrets of Reliable IM Delivery
Architecture & Thinking
Architecture & Thinking
Mar 15, 2024 · Backend Development

Why RPC Is Essential for Building Scalable IM Clusters: A Beginner’s Guide

This article explains the fundamentals of Remote Procedure Call (RPC), why it is crucial for developing production‑grade instant‑messaging clusters, how it differs from plain HTTP, the typical RPC call flow, common frameworks such as gRPC, Thrift and Dubbo, and practical considerations for high‑throughput distributed systems.

Backend DevelopmentDistributed SystemsIM
0 likes · 12 min read
Why RPC Is Essential for Building Scalable IM Clusters: A Beginner’s Guide
Architect
Architect
Dec 8, 2023 · Frontend Development

How to Build a Reliable, Low‑Latency IM Chat for Customer Service – Front‑End Techniques Revealed

This article dissects the end‑to‑end technical workflow of sending a customer‑service IM message, covering reliability, real‑time delivery, ordering, idempotency, performance bottlenecks, async handling, requestAnimationFrame, protobuf migration, and user‑experience optimizations, while sharing concrete metrics and real‑world solutions.

IMMessage OrderingProtobuf
0 likes · 24 min read
How to Build a Reliable, Low‑Latency IM Chat for Customer Service – Front‑End Techniques Revealed
DeWu Technology
DeWu Technology
Oct 16, 2023 · Backend Development

Technical and Design Considerations for Customer Service IM Message Delivery

The article examines the end‑to‑end technical and design challenges of delivering a single customer‑service instant‑message, detailing reliability, ordering, idempotency, performance optimizations such as async handling and binary‑search traversal, security practices, latency reductions via Protocol Buffers, and a roadmap for future enhancements.

Frontend OptimizationIMMessage Reliability
0 likes · 20 min read
Technical and Design Considerations for Customer Service IM Message Delivery
HomeTech
HomeTech
Dec 6, 2022 · Backend Development

Design and Optimization of a High‑Performance IM Instant Messaging Platform

This article details the architectural decisions, network protocol choices, message framing strategies, and server‑level optimizations—including Netty adoption, TCP handling, token management, load balancing, NIC queue configuration, and CPU affinity—that enable a scalable, low‑latency instant messaging service supporting millions of concurrent connections.

BackendIMInstant Messaging
0 likes · 19 min read
Design and Optimization of a High‑Performance IM Instant Messaging Platform
DeWu Technology
DeWu Technology
Jul 20, 2022 · Frontend Development

Design and Implementation of a Custom Customer‑Service IM SDK

The article explains why a custom instant‑messaging SDK was built for a customer‑service web client, outlines its three‑layer architecture (WebSocket/gRPC network, RxJS‑driven data‑link, and application logic), and details reliability features such as ACKs, retries, deduplication, and ordering to improve performance, stability, and scalability.

IMMessage ReliabilitySDK
0 likes · 14 min read
Design and Implementation of a Custom Customer‑Service IM SDK
NetEase Smart Enterprise Tech+
NetEase Smart Enterprise Tech+
Jun 10, 2022 · Backend Development

How NetEase Cloud IM Solves Massive Group Relationships: Architecture & Challenges

The article explains NetEase Cloud IM's "Circle Group" product, detailing its massive relationship complexity and scale, the technical challenges it creates, and the layered backend architecture and mechanisms designed to handle multi‑entity coupling, huge member volumes, and efficient change notifications.

Backend DevelopmentCloud ServicesIM
0 likes · 13 min read
How NetEase Cloud IM Solves Massive Group Relationships: Architecture & Challenges
Beike Product & Technology
Beike Product & Technology
Jan 27, 2022 · Backend Development

Performance Optimization of Beike IM: Scaling Group Chat to Over 300 QPS

This article details how the Beike instant‑messaging system was analyzed, bottlenecks identified, and a series of backend optimizations—including business isolation, increased concurrency, computation reduction, and Redis connection‑pool redesign—were applied to boost 300‑person group‑chat throughput from 15 QPS to over 320 QPS, achieving more than a twenty‑fold performance gain.

GoIMMessaging
0 likes · 12 min read
Performance Optimization of Beike IM: Scaling Group Chat to Over 300 QPS
Xianyu Technology
Xianyu Technology
Jun 17, 2021 · Mobile Development

Flutter-based IM Architecture Redesign for Xianyu

The Xianyu instant‑messaging system, burdened by years of technical debt, was rebuilt with a Flutter‑centric, four‑layer architecture that shares FlutterEngine instances, introduces an entity cache and custom ORM, simplifies synchronization, and delivers up to 40 MB memory savings, lower power use, reduced CPU load and roughly half the development and testing effort.

FlutterIMarchitecture
0 likes · 11 min read
Flutter-based IM Architecture Redesign for Xianyu
Ctrip Technology
Ctrip Technology
Apr 29, 2021 · Backend Development

Evolution of Ctrip’s Office IM and the Architecture of the TripPal Open Platform

This article chronicles the development of Ctrip’s internal office IM from its 2016 inception to the current TripPal open platform, detailing its architectural evolution, high‑availability and performance optimizations across gateway, identity, microservice, and IM layers, and outlines future directions for open‑platform services.

IM
0 likes · 14 min read
Evolution of Ctrip’s Office IM and the Architecture of the TripPal Open Platform
Xianyu Technology
Xianyu Technology
Jan 21, 2021 · Backend Development

Optimizing Online IM Channel Stability in Xianyu

Xianyu improved its online IM channel stability by adding heartbeat‑based connection monitoring, rapid reconnection, ACK‑driven retry queues stored in Alibaba Cloud Table Store, and adaptive delay strategies, which together cut ACC compensation arrival time by 75% (from 60 to 15 minutes) and dramatically reduced user complaints.

IMMessage Retransmissioncloud
0 likes · 14 min read
Optimizing Online IM Channel Stability in Xianyu
Xianyu Technology
Xianyu Technology
Nov 10, 2020 · Backend Development

Optimizing Data Synchronization for Xianyu IM: Layered Architecture and Performance Improvements

Xianyu IM’s data‑sync was re‑engineered by extracting a dedicated sync layer that uses domain‑based versioning, push‑pull hybrid buffering, and priority queues, decoupling business logic, eliminating redundant pushes, and achieving a 31% latency reduction and 35% traffic savings while enabling dynamic priority adjustments.

IMdata synchronizationlayered architecture
0 likes · 10 min read
Optimizing Data Synchronization for Xianyu IM: Layered Architecture and Performance Improvements
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Jan 31, 2020 · Backend Development

Design and Optimization of Large‑Scale Instant Messaging Backend Architecture

This article analyses the architecture of high‑traffic instant‑messaging services such as WeChat and Momo, detailing long‑connection handling, short‑vs‑long HTTP/TCP protocols, custom binary messaging, smart routing, load‑balancing, sharding, replication, and the engineering trade‑offs required for massive scalability and reliability.

Distributed SystemsIMScalability
0 likes · 12 min read
Design and Optimization of Large‑Scale Instant Messaging Backend Architecture
58 Tech
58 Tech
Dec 13, 2019 · Mobile Development

Refactoring the IM Module: Layered Architecture, Parallel Development and Business‑Line Splitting

This article describes the redesign of a large‑scale Android instant‑messaging (IM) module, detailing the shortcomings of the original architecture, the new three‑layer framework, the split‑converter for parallel business‑line development, component‑based UI design, and the design‑pattern techniques used to achieve a maintainable, extensible solution.

AndroidComponentizationDesign Patterns
0 likes · 16 min read
Refactoring the IM Module: Layered Architecture, Parallel Development and Business‑Line Splitting
58 Tech
58 Tech
Dec 4, 2019 · Backend Development

Design and Practice of Billion‑User IM Long‑Connection Service at 58.com

The article summarizes the second 58.com instant‑messaging technology salon, detailing the architecture, high‑performance long‑connection design, multi‑thread socket models, read‑write diffusion storage strategies for single‑ and group‑chat, message synchronization mechanisms, and the IM SDK framework for audio‑video communication.

Distributed SystemsIMMessage Storage
0 likes · 20 min read
Design and Practice of Billion‑User IM Long‑Connection Service at 58.com
High Availability Architecture
High Availability Architecture
Oct 22, 2019 · Backend Development

Ensuring In-Order Delivery of IM Messages: Causes and Solutions

This article analyzes why instant‑messaging (IM) messages can arrive out of order due to time discrepancies, network behavior, and multithreading, and proposes a comprehensive design using global sequence numbers, channel‑aware routing, client‑side caching, and ACK‑based flow control to guarantee ordered delivery.

BackendDistributed SystemsIM
0 likes · 9 min read
Ensuring In-Order Delivery of IM Messages: Causes and Solutions
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Sep 17, 2019 · Backend Development

Evolution and Refactoring of the Mafengwo IM System: From PHP 1.0 to Go‑Based Microservices

The article details the step‑by‑step architectural evolution of Mafengwo's instant‑messaging platform—from an initial PHP‑based monolith, through polling optimizations with OpenResty, to a Go‑implemented, micro‑service‑oriented design that improves scalability, reliability, and multi‑device synchronization.

GoIMMessaging
0 likes · 14 min read
Evolution and Refactoring of the Mafengwo IM System: From PHP 1.0 to Go‑Based Microservices
Java Captain
Java Captain
Sep 3, 2019 · Backend Development

Getting Started with Bitchat: A Netty‑Based Instant Messaging Framework

This guide introduces Bitchat, a Netty‑based IM framework, showing how to start the server and client, use built‑in commands for login, user listing and private messaging, explains its architecture, custom protocol, health‑check mechanisms, and how to handle business logic with asynchronous thread pools.

FrameworkIMJava
0 likes · 12 min read
Getting Started with Bitchat: A Netty‑Based Instant Messaging Framework
Mafengwo Technology
Mafengwo Technology
Jul 18, 2019 · Backend Development

How MaFengWo Scaled Its IM System: From PHP to Go and Service Splitting

This article chronicles the evolution of MaFengWo's instant‑messaging platform, detailing the transition from a simple PHP implementation to OpenResty optimizations, the introduction of multi‑mode routing in IM 2.0, and a complete service‑oriented redesign in Go for IM 3.0, while addressing scalability, multi‑device synchronization, and message reliability.

GoIMOpenResty
0 likes · 14 min read
How MaFengWo Scaled Its IM System: From PHP to Go and Service Splitting
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Jun 21, 2019 · Backend Development

Design and Implementation of a High‑Availability Scalable IM Group‑Chat Messaging System

This article presents a comprehensive design and implementation of a high‑availability, horizontally scalable instant‑messaging group‑chat system, detailing its architecture, component interactions, scaling strategies, reliability mechanisms, and extensions for offline and single‑chat messaging.

IMgroup chathigh availability
0 likes · 48 min read
Design and Implementation of a High‑Availability Scalable IM Group‑Chat Messaging System
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Apr 4, 2019 · Backend Development

Design and Implementation of a Modern IM Message Synchronization and Storage Architecture Using the TableStore Timeline Model

This article explains the evolution from traditional to modern instant‑messaging system architectures, introduces a Timeline logical model for message sync and storage, discusses read‑ and write‑diffusion strategies, evaluates database requirements, and demonstrates a TableStore‑based implementation with sample code.

Distributed SystemsIMTablestore
0 likes · 14 min read
Design and Implementation of a Modern IM Message Synchronization and Storage Architecture Using the TableStore Timeline Model
58 Tech
58 Tech
Sep 19, 2018 · Backend Development

Design and Optimization of MicroChat Backend Architecture for Multi-Device Message Synchronization

The article explains the MicroChat instant‑messaging backend architecture, detailing its long‑connection, access, logic, and storage layers, and describes how message synchronization, offline handling, hole‑filling, unread count roaming, and read receipts are implemented and optimized for multi‑device use.

Backend ArchitectureIMRead Receipts
0 likes · 15 min read
Design and Optimization of MicroChat Backend Architecture for Multi-Device Message Synchronization
21CTO
21CTO
Nov 17, 2017 · Backend Development

How TableStore Powers Scalable IM Message Sync and Storage

This article explains the evolution of instant messaging systems, introduces the Timeline logical model for message synchronization and storage, compares traditional and modern architectures, and details how Alibaba Cloud TableStore can be used to build a high‑performance, multi‑device IM backend supporting millions of TPS and millisecond latency.

Backend ArchitectureIMMessage Sync
0 likes · 15 min read
How TableStore Powers Scalable IM Message Sync and Storage
21CTO
21CTO
Apr 10, 2016 · Backend Development

How 58.com Scaled Its IM Platform: Four Architecture Evolution Stages

This article details how 58.com’s 58‑BangBang service evolved through four architectural stages—from a traditional instant‑messaging system to a mobile‑push enabled platform—addressing massive traffic, scalability, and integration challenges across IM, merchant management, and mobile marketing.

BackendIMmobile-push
0 likes · 13 min read
How 58.com Scaled Its IM Platform: Four Architecture Evolution Stages
21CTO
21CTO
Sep 10, 2015 · Backend Development

Inside 58.com’s Mobile O2O Platform: Architecture, Evolution, and Push Tech

Sun Xuan, a system architect at 58.com, details the evolution of the company's merchant mobile management platform—from its early IM‑centric design through third‑party service integration to a lightweight client architecture—while also dissecting core O2O technologies such as long‑connection push, LBS, and cross‑platform notification strategies.

Backend ArchitectureIMScalable Systems
0 likes · 9 min read
Inside 58.com’s Mobile O2O Platform: Architecture, Evolution, and Push Tech