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This guide explains how to use the Linux lsof command‑line utility to list information about files opened by processes—including regular files, directories, sockets, and pipes—while covering options for filtering by file, directory, process name, user, PID, network connections, repeat mode, and more.
lsof is a powerful Linux utility that lists open files, sockets, and network connections for processes; this guide explains its core options, output fields, and practical examples such as identifying files opened by specific processes, directories, users, network ports, and even recovering deleted files.
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This guide shows step‑by‑step Linux commands—df, du, find, lsof, and tune2fs—to pinpoint large directories, uncover hidden space used by deleted files, and adjust reserved root space, helping you resolve mysterious disk‑space alerts efficiently.
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Even when the `df` command shows a full disk, hidden deleted files held open by processes can consume space, and understanding this requires diving into Linux’s virtual file system architecture, including superblocks, inodes, file and dentry objects, as well as link types and file‑process interactions.
This guide explains why careless file deletion can cause serious loss, introduces Linux tools like lsof and extundelete for recovering deleted files, and provides step‑by‑step commands for installing, locating open file descriptors, and restoring individual or all deleted data safely.
This guide explains how to use Linux commands such as df, du, find, and lsof to quickly locate directories, files, or deleted resources that are consuming disk space, and shows how to adjust reserved space with tune2fs to recover seemingly missing storage.
This guide explains why careful file deletion matters, introduces Linux tools like lsof and extundelete for recovering accidentally removed files, and provides step‑by‑step commands, installation instructions, and precautions to successfully restore data from ext3/ext4 partitions.
The article explains why a Linux system may report a full disk even after deleting files, detailing how open file handles keep space occupied, and walks through the virtual file system architecture—including superblocks, inodes, file and dentry objects—while demonstrating diagnostic commands like df, du, lsof, and illustrating link types and file‑process interactions.
The article explains the discrepancy between the file‑handle count reported by /proc/sys/fs/file‑nr and the numbers shown by lsof, clarifying the difference between file descriptors and file handles, describing how the kernel allocates struct file objects, and showing how shared memory, mmap, and other operations can inflate handle counts unnoticed by lsof.
The article explains how the Linux top command reveals filesystem cache usage, why large log files can waste cache memory, and proposes hourly log rotation with compression, using lsof to identify cached files and tools like zless to view compressed logs.