This article breaks down the USB 2.0 communication protocol by explaining how raw serial bits are organized into fields and packets—covering SYNC, PID, address, endpoint, frame number, data, CRC, as well as token, SOF, data, split‑transaction and handshake packets, with concrete examples and timing details.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the TCP/IP protocol, detailing its four-layer architecture, the functions of each layer, and the specific packet formats of TCP, UDP, and IP, complete with illustrative diagrams and key field explanations.
This article walks through the complete process of how a browser accesses a web resource, from parsing a URL and generating an HTTP request, through DNS name resolution, the construction of MAC, IP, TCP, and application headers, to the TCP three‑way handshake, data transmission, and the four‑step connection termination.
This article explains the MySQL client‑server communication protocol, detailing the connection phase—including handshake, authentication, and packet structure—as well as the replication process, covering registration as a slave, binlog streaming, and the various binlog event types and their formats.
This article explains the structure and fields of IP packets, including version, header length, TOS, total length, ID, flags, fragment offset, TTL, protocol, checksum, source and destination addresses, as well as the formats and key functions of TCP and UDP headers, highlighting their differences.
