21CTO

May 7, 2017 · Fundamentals

How Are CPUs Made? Inside the Complex Journey from Sand to Silicon

From raw sand to the final packaged processor, this article walks through each step of CPU fabrication—including silicon purification, wafer creation, photolithography, ion implantation, metal deposition, testing, and packaging—revealing the intricate technologies that transform elemental silicon into the world’s most powerful integrated circuits.