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Mar 15, 2026 · Artificial Intelligence

The Forgotten Foundational Papers Behind PINNs

This article reviews the 1994 Dissanayake & Phan‑Thien and 1998 Lagaris et al. papers that first introduced feed‑forward neural networks as continuous trial functions for PDEs, contrasting their soft‑penalty and hard‑encoding boundary treatments and showing how they prefigure modern physics‑informed neural networks.