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21CTO
21CTO
Feb 7, 2026 · Databases

Why Google Renamed ZetaSQL to GoogleSQL and What It Means for Developers

Google announced on February 6, 2026 that its open‑source SQL analysis framework ZetaSQL will be renamed GoogleSQL to unify the project name with the official language spec, eliminate community confusion, and clarify its role in the Google data ecosystem without changing any code or functionality.

BigQueryGoogleSQLOpenSource
0 likes · 4 min read
Why Google Renamed ZetaSQL to GoogleSQL and What It Means for Developers
21CTO
21CTO
Mar 25, 2025 · Databases

How Google Spanner’s New Hierarchical Storage Cuts Costs with HDD Tiering

Google Cloud Spanner now offers a policy‑driven hierarchical storage tier that moves infrequently accessed data to cheap HDDs, reducing costs by up to 80% while keeping SQL queries seamless across SSD and HDD layers and preserving backup consistency.

Cost OptimizationDistributed SQLGoogle Cloud
0 likes · 5 min read
How Google Spanner’s New Hierarchical Storage Cuts Costs with HDD Tiering
21CTO
21CTO
Aug 5, 2020 · Databases

Understanding Distributed Transactions: 2PC, 3PC, Calvin, Spanner, and More

Distributed transactions require careful coordination to maintain consistency across multiple nodes, and this article explores core concepts such as atomic operations, two‑phase and three‑phase commit protocols, deterministic Calvin ordering, Google Spanner’s TrueTime and Paxos‑based approach, as well as advanced techniques like Percolator, RAMP, and coordination avoidance.

Calvin protocolDistributed TransactionsRAMP
0 likes · 33 min read
Understanding Distributed Transactions: 2PC, 3PC, Calvin, Spanner, and More
21CTO
21CTO
Jan 9, 2016 · Backend Development

What Jeff Dean Really Built: From MapReduce to Spanner

This article debunks humorous "facts" about Jeff Dean while highlighting his real contributions to Google’s infrastructure—such as MapReduce, the Google File System, BigTable, and Spanner—and explains how his work shaped modern backend development and big data processing.

BigtableDistributed SystemsJeff Dean
0 likes · 13 min read
What Jeff Dean Really Built: From MapReduce to Spanner