Zhengtong Technical Team

Mar 18, 2022 · Fundamentals

Spatial Coordinate Reference Systems and Transformations for 3D GIS Applications

This article explains the fundamentals of geodetic and Earth‑centered coordinate systems, their mathematical relationships, and how to convert between geodetic latitude/longitude/height, ECEF, ENU, and Web Mercator coordinates, providing detailed derivations, diagrams, and a C++ implementation example.