Explore how the Bellman equation underpins reinforcement learning, comparing Dynamic Programming, Monte Carlo, and Temporal‑Difference methods, and discover why TD’s low‑variance, online updates make it a powerful bridge between model‑based planning and sample‑based learning.
This article explains why tabular reinforcement‑learning methods scale poorly, introduces supervised‑learning‑based value‑function approximation using a parameterized vector w, discusses loss design, stochastic‑gradient updates, bootstrapping, semi‑gradient techniques, and linear function approximation, and summarizes practical implications.
This tutorial explains how n-step temporal‑difference (TD) algorithms generalize the one‑step TD and Monte‑Carlo methods, presents the n‑step return update rule, walks through a three‑step TD example, shows how Sarsa and Q‑learning can be extended, and discusses how to choose the optimal n value for a given problem.
This tutorial explains temporal‑difference (TD) learning, compares it with dynamic programming and Monte‑Carlo methods, walks through concrete soccer‑match examples, shows one‑step TD versus constant‑α Monte‑Carlo updates, discusses convergence, bias, and introduces popular TD variants such as Sarsa, Q‑learning, Expected Sarsa and double learning.
