Mastering Nginx: How Location Matching Order Impacts Performance

Nginx location matching order explained

The location directive determines how Nginx processes incoming requests. Its matching order influences performance and correctness.

Exact match (=)

Chosen when the request URI exactly equals the string after location. Highest priority.

location = /favicon.ico {
    # handle favicon.ico request
}

Longest‑string match (no modifier)

Selected when the request URI starts with the string after location and that string is the longest among candidates.

location /images/ {
    # handle requests beginning with /images/
}
location /images/jpg/ {
    # handle requests beginning with /images/jpg/
}

Regular expression match (~ and ~*)

~ performs case‑sensitive regex matching, ~* performs case‑insensitive matching. Nginx checks regex locations in the order they appear.

location ~ \.(gif|jpg|png)$ {
    # handle .gif, .jpg, .png (case‑sensitive)
}
location ~* \.(GIF|JPG|PNG)$ {
    # handle .GIF, .JPG, .PNG (case‑insensitive)
}

Prefix match (^~)

Matches a URI prefix when the following character is not “/”. It is evaluated after exact matches but before regex matches, effectively acting like a longest‑string match with higher priority.

location ^~ /static/ {
    # handle requests starting with /static/ (no further regex checks)
}

Default match (/)

If no other location block matches, the default location / block is used as a catch‑all.

location / {
    # handle all other requests
}

Summary and best practices

Prefer exact and longest‑string matches for static resources to improve performance.

Use regular expressions sparingly, especially on high‑traffic sites, due to their higher matching cost.

Place the default location / block at the end of the configuration as a fallback.

Thoroughly test configuration changes to ensure correct request handling.