Python Built‑in Functions and Common Usage

Python provides a set of built‑in functions such as print() , input() , abs() , len() , and many others (68 in version 3.6.2) that can be used directly without importing modules.

Common data types include bool , int , float , and complex ; conversion functions like bin() , oct() , and hex() change numbers between bases.

Mathematical utilities include abs() , divmod() , round() , pow() , sum() , min() , and max() .

Sequence constructors list() and tuple() create mutable and immutable collections; reversed() , slice() , and indexing provide slicing and iteration capabilities.

Mapping and set types are created with dict() and set() ; frozenset() creates an immutable set. Functions len() , sorted() , enumerate() , all() , any() , and zip() operate on iterables.

Sorting can be customized with sorted(iterable, key=func, reverse=True) ; examples show sorting by length.

Scope inspection functions locals() and globals() return current and global namespaces.

Iterator utilities include range() , iter() , next() , and generator‑style loops.

Dynamic code execution uses eval() , exec() , and compile() , while input() and print() handle I/O.

Memory‑related functions hash() and id() expose object identity; file handling uses open() .

Modules can be imported dynamically with __import__() , and help() and callable() provide introspection.