Aug 3, 2026 · Artificial Intelligence

How Karpathy Built a LOTR 3D Scene in Two Hours for $10

Andrej Karpathy gave the opening paragraph of The Lord of the Rings to Opus 5 with a $10, 1‑million‑token budget, asked it to create a Three.js interactive 3D scene, and the model produced roughly 5,500 lines of code in two hours, revealing both the promise and current visual‑perception limits of large language models.

AI-generated 3DKarpathyOpus 5

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How Karpathy Built a LOTR 3D Scene in Two Hours for $10

Architecture Digest

Feb 7, 2025 · Artificial Intelligence

Open-Source Replication of OpenAI’s o1 Model Achieves Superior Performance with Minimal Cost

A recent study by Fei‑Fei Li’s team shows that using supervised fine‑tuning on the open‑source Qwen2.5‑32B‑Instruct model can replicate and even surpass the reasoning abilities of OpenAI’s o1‑preview at a fraction of the computational cost, demonstrating a cheap yet powerful approach to large‑language‑model development.

Supervised Fine‑Tuningbudget forcingcost-effective AI

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Open-Source Replication of OpenAI’s o1 Model Achieves Superior Performance with Minimal Cost