The article explains that Linux treats everything as a file, distinguishes between Linux and shell commands, recommends learning 10‑20 commands daily, and introduces essential disk, filesystem, and permission‑related commands for programmers, emphasizing the need for proper authorization before execution.
This guide breaks down the most critical server performance indicators—CPU usage and load, available memory, disk utilization and I/O, plus network bandwidth and latency—showing how to read them with common Linux commands, spot trends, and prevent outages before they happen.
This guide explains the physical and logical structure of hard disks, reasons and methods for partitioning, various filesystem types, and essential Linux commands such as fdisk, mkfs, mount, umount, df, and fstab for managing and automating disk usage.
This article explains what disks are, compares mechanical HDDs and SSDs, outlines disk classification by interface and architecture, defines key I/O performance metrics such as IOPS, throughput, utilization, and latency, and introduces Linux tools like iostat, iotop, and sar for monitoring and analysis.
This guide walks you through Linux's directory layout, how to inspect CPU details via /proc, monitor utilization with top, retrieve version, memory and disk statistics, manage character sets, control services, and use common commands for file handling, permissions, networking, and process management.
This article provides two Bash scripts: one that continuously displays inbound and outbound traffic of a specified network interface, and another that remotely checks disk usage on up to 100 servers, issuing warnings when partitions exceed a defined threshold.
This article outlines practical troubleshooting steps for eight frequent production problems—including OOM, CPU spikes, interface timeouts, index failures, deadlocks, disk issues, MQ backlogs, and API errors—providing clear guidance and code snippets to help engineers quickly identify root causes and resolve them.
This article explains what disks are, compares mechanical HDDs and SSDs, describes disk I/O concepts, outlines key performance metrics such as IOPS, throughput, utilization and latency, and introduces Linux tools like iostat, iotop, sar for monitoring and analyzing storage performance.
When a VMware VM with a 200 GB system disk runs an 11 GB Docker service, it may report ‘no space left on device’ because the LVM logical volume for /var is only 1 GB, and the guide shows how to extend the relevant LVM volumes and resize the filesystems to resolve the issue.
This article explains the fundamentals of disks, differentiates mechanical HDDs and SSDs, describes disk I/O concepts, outlines key performance metrics such as IOPS, throughput, utilization and saturation, and introduces Linux tools like iostat, iotop and sar for monitoring and analyzing storage performance.
This tutorial walks through checking existing partitions, creating a new partition on /dev/sdb, formatting it with XFS, mounting it temporarily, and configuring /etc/fstab for automatic mounting after reboot, providing all necessary commands and screenshots.
Redis is exploring a disk‑backed tiered storage architecture, allowing infrequently used data to move from memory to flash and back, a move aimed at reducing costs, improving scalability, and expanding its popularity among developers and gaming applications.
This article explains the different server storage types—including mechanical HDDs, solid‑state SSDs, various interfaces, RAID arrays, and network‑attached storage—while covering their structures, performance characteristics, Linux device handling, and how to choose the right solution based on cost, capacity, speed, and reliability.
This article provides a collection of ready‑to‑run Bash scripts that cover disk partition creation, server initialization, real‑time network traffic monitoring, Nginx log rotation and analysis, disk usage alerts, MySQL backups, process counting with zombie termination, and automated blocking of malicious IPs, offering a practical toolkit for Linux system administrators.
This tutorial walks you through creating a concise Bash script that periodically captures memory, disk, and CPU utilization on a Linux server, displays the results in a three‑column table, logs the data, and optionally applies a stress test to generate load.
This article explains why ZooKeeper can run out of disk space due to excessive snapshots and transaction logs, describes the underlying file‑generation mechanism, and provides concrete configuration parameters and best‑practice recommendations to control file growth and keep the cluster stable.
This tutorial shows how to create a Bash script that continuously monitors a Linux server’s memory, disk, and CPU usage, explains the commands used, demonstrates assembling the data into variables, looping for a set period, logging results, and optionally applying a stress test to generate load.
This guide walks you through systematic troubleshooting of Java production issues—covering CPU, memory, disk, GC, and network problems—by using tools like jstack, jmap, top, iostat, vmstat, and netstat to pinpoint root causes and apply targeted fixes.
This article explains the physical and logical operation of mechanical hard drives and solid‑state drives, details the Ext4 filesystem structures such as superblocks, inodes, block groups, flexible and meta block groups, and outlines allocation strategies and link types.
This guide lists essential Linux commands for retrieving comprehensive hardware information—including CPU, memory, disk, network interfaces, PCI, USB, SCSI, and BIOS details—along with example outputs and explanations for each category on an Ubuntu 16.04 system.
This guide explains how to use Linux command‑line utilities such as free, vmstat, top, sar, iostat, iotop, netstat, and jstack to identify memory, CPU, network, and disk performance bottlenecks, and provides practical commands for monitoring and troubleshooting each resource.
This article provides a step‑by‑step Bash script that gathers Linux server IP, CPU core count, utilization percentages, context switches, load averages, memory statistics, swap usage, and disk I/O metrics, explaining each command and its output for effective system monitoring.
This guide explains how to use Prometheus' irate function and Grafana to calculate and visualize CPU, memory, and disk usage percentages for each host, including the necessary PromQL queries and formulas in a monitoring setup.
This guide walks you through essential Linux server configuration checks—retrieving OS version, kernel, CPU specs, memory usage, and disk information—using common command‑line tools, helping administrators quickly understand hardware and system details for effective deployment and maintenance.
The article explains common storage I/O characteristics—such as I/O size, read/write ratio, sequential versus random access, locality, stability, and multithreading—across various application workloads and shows how tools like Iometer can be used to model and benchmark these patterns.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of server hardware fundamentals, covering server form factors, motherboard architecture, selection criteria, major vendors, CPU concepts and performance, NUMA, memory specifications, disk throughput and IOPS, as well as network card types and bonding modes.
The article analyzes the growing limitations of tape backup, outlines a step‑by‑step migration to disk‑based backup using deduplication, compression and modern storage technologies, and explains how this transition improves reliability, cost efficiency and recovery speed for enterprises.
This article explains the fundamentals of I/O, detailing the two-phase request process, the flow of a web request, and the differences between blocking, non‑blocking, synchronous, and asynchronous I/O models, including select/poll, signal‑driven, and AIO approaches.
This article explains what inodes are, why they can become exhausted even when disk space remains, and provides step‑by‑step Linux commands and cleanup techniques to monitor and resolve inode exhaustion issues.
This article explains the essential components of a server—including power supply, CPU, RAM, storage, RAID cards, remote management modules, and motherboard—detailing their functions, typical configurations, and best‑practice considerations for reliable enterprise operations.
This article explains the physical makeup of mechanical hard drives—including platters, heads, tracks, cylinders and sectors—shows how to view disk details with Linux commands like lsblk and fdisk, and clarifies common misconceptions about heads, cylinders and sector sizes.
This article introduces the Linux ‘di’ command‑line utility, compares it with the traditional df tool, and provides a step‑by‑step tutorial covering its most useful options, output formats, sorting capabilities, and practical advantages and drawbacks for system administrators.
This article compiles ten common Linux operational problems—from shell script failures and cron output issues to disk space exhaustion and MySQL errors—detailing their causes and step‑by‑step solutions to help sysadmins quickly diagnose and resolve system faults.
This article explains the principles of caching, compares memory and disk storage, demonstrates several iOS persistence methods, and details how YYCache combines memory and disk layers with LRU optimization and network synchronization to improve performance in a real‑world mobile app.
This article translates hardware latencies—from CPU cache and memory to disk and network—into human‑scale time equivalents, using vivid analogies and benchmark data to illustrate why storage and networking appear extremely slow from the processor's viewpoint.
This guide details practical solutions for TDH Community Edition operational problems, covering component configuration paths, log locations, disk‑space alerts, service start/stop via kubectl, time synchronization, network/firewall checks, hostname resolution, and license service management.
This guide explains three practical methods—using df, mount -l, and reading /etc/mtab—to list Linux mount points together with their associated disks or logical volumes, highlighting each command's output format and limitations.
