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ext4

38 articles · Page 1 of 1
Golang Shines
Golang Shines
Jun 14, 2026 · Operations

Recovering Data After an Accidental rm -rf on Linux: Step‑by‑Step Guide

When a routine rm -rf command mistakenly wipes critical backup directories on a Linux server, this article walks through the immediate containment actions, detailed forensic data collection, the underlying file‑system mechanics of ext4 and XFS, and a comprehensive suite of recovery techniques—from lsof‑based live file grabs to extundelete, debugfs, LVM snapshots, and cloud‑disk imaging—ensuring you can restore lost files safely.

Data RecoveryFile SystemLVM
0 likes · 57 min read
Recovering Data After an Accidental rm -rf on Linux: Step‑by‑Step Guide
Raymond Ops
Raymond Ops
Jun 6, 2026 · Operations

How to Recover Files After an rm -rf Accident: 3 Proven Methods

This guide explains why Linux's rm command doesn't truly erase data, describes the two recovery windows (process‑held and un‑overwritten blocks), and walks through three practical recovery methods—using /proc FDs, ext4‑specific tools, and generic carving utilities—while also offering prevention strategies such as trash‑cli, snapshots, and robust backup practices.

LVMLinuxSnapshot
0 likes · 46 min read
How to Recover Files After an rm -rf Accident: 3 Proven Methods
Deepin Linux
Deepin Linux
Jul 6, 2025 · Fundamentals

Unlocking ext4 Extents: How Linux Filesystems Boost Performance

This article explores the evolution, design, and inner workings of the ext4 extent mechanism in Linux, detailing how it replaces traditional block mapping, improves storage efficiency, reduces fragmentation, and accelerates file I/O through compact data structures and B+‑tree indexing.

B+TreeExtentFilesystem
0 likes · 18 min read
Unlocking ext4 Extents: How Linux Filesystems Boost Performance
Deepin Linux
Deepin Linux
Feb 7, 2025 · Fundamentals

Understanding ext4 Extent: Data Structures and B+‑Tree Mechanism

This article explains the purpose, design, and internal data structures of ext4 extents, describes how the B+‑tree indexes extents for efficient mapping of logical to physical blocks, and compares ext4’s extent mechanism with older file‑system addressing methods and other modern file systems.

B+TreeData StructuresExtent
0 likes · 37 min read
Understanding ext4 Extent: Data Structures and B+‑Tree Mechanism
Open Source Linux
Open Source Linux
Jul 19, 2023 · Fundamentals

Which Linux File System Should You Choose? Ext4 vs Btrfs and More

Choosing the right file system for a Linux installation can be daunting, so this guide compares the top general‑purpose options—ext4 and Btrfs—while also reviewing alternatives such as ZFS, Reiser4, XFS, and JFS, helping users select the best fit for their needs.

BtrfsLinuxZFS
0 likes · 7 min read
Which Linux File System Should You Choose? Ext4 vs Btrfs and More
Liangxu Linux
Liangxu Linux
Apr 5, 2021 · Fundamentals

Why cp Copies a 100 GB File in <1 s: The Sparse File Secret

This article explains why the Linux cp command can duplicate a seemingly 100 GB file in less than a second by revealing how sparse files work, the role of inodes and block allocation, the different cp --sparse modes, and the underlying filesystem mechanisms such as fiemap, extent copying, and hole punching.

LinuxSparse Filescp
0 likes · 40 min read
Why cp Copies a 100 GB File in <1 s: The Sparse File Secret
Liangxu Linux
Liangxu Linux
Nov 7, 2020 · Fundamentals

How Linux ext4 Manages Files, Inodes, and Caching Internally

This article explains the design of Linux file systems, focusing on ext4's inode layout, block allocation, extents, directory storage, journaling modes, and the kernel's cached and direct I/O paths, complete with code snippets and structural diagrams.

File SystemLinuxext4
0 likes · 21 min read
How Linux ext4 Manages Files, Inodes, and Caching Internally
ITPUB
ITPUB
Nov 4, 2020 · Operations

Understanding Linux ext4 File System: Inodes, Extents, and Caching Mechanisms

This article explains the core design of Linux file systems, covering strict organization, block and inode structures, ext4 formatting details such as extents and meta block groups, directory storage, journaling modes, and the kernel's cached and direct I/O paths for reading and writing files.

Linuxext4extents
0 likes · 21 min read
Understanding Linux ext4 File System: Inodes, Extents, and Caching Mechanisms
Liangxu Linux
Liangxu Linux
Nov 2, 2020 · Fundamentals

Understanding Linux ext4: Inodes, Extents, and File Caching Explained

This article explains the core design of Linux file systems, covering strict organization, block allocation, inode structures, ext4 extent trees, block groups, superblock metadata, directory storage formats, and the kernel's cached and direct I/O paths for reading and writing files.

FilesystemLinuxext4
0 likes · 21 min read
Understanding Linux ext4: Inodes, Extents, and File Caching Explained
Liangxu Linux
Liangxu Linux
Oct 26, 2020 · Fundamentals

Unlocking Linux File Systems: From VFS to Ext4 and System Calls

This article explains Linux's file system architecture, covering basic directory structures, absolute and relative paths, symbolic links, the Virtual File System layer, core system calls such as creat, open, read, write, lseek, locking mechanisms, and the design of ext2, ext4, /proc, and NFS file systems.

Ext2File SystemLinux
0 likes · 34 min read
Unlocking Linux File Systems: From VFS to Ext4 and System Calls
ITPUB
ITPUB
Sep 27, 2020 · Fundamentals

Unlocking Linux File Systems: From VFS to Ext4 and NFS Explained

This article provides a comprehensive overview of Linux file system architecture, covering basic concepts, directory structures, absolute and relative paths, linking, VFS abstraction, ext2/ext4 implementations, locking mechanisms, key system calls, and network file systems like NFS, illustrating how they interact within the kernel.

Ext2File SystemLinux
0 likes · 35 min read
Unlocking Linux File Systems: From VFS to Ext4 and NFS Explained
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Jul 26, 2018 · Fundamentals

Understanding Linux EXT Filesystems: From EXT2 to EXT4 and Their Core Features

This article explores the evolution, architecture, and key features of Linux EXT filesystems—including Minix origins, EXT2, EXT3, and EXT4—detailing metadata structures, inode handling, fragmentation mitigation, journaling, and practical upgrade and maintenance considerations.

File System ArchitectureFilesystemLinux
0 likes · 20 min read
Understanding Linux EXT Filesystems: From EXT2 to EXT4 and Their Core Features
Tencent Database Technology
Tencent Database Technology
May 17, 2018 · Operations

Analysis of ext4 Soft Lockup Caused by Extent Status LRU Lock Contention in Linux 3.10

This article examines a Linux 3.10 kernel soft‑lockup bug where the ext4 extent‑status LRU spin‑lock is held for over 20 seconds under memory pressure, explains the ext4 delayed‑allocation mechanism, block lookup process, extent‑status cache shrinkage, and presents the community's mitigation approach.

LRU spin lockLinux kernelext4
0 likes · 12 min read
Analysis of ext4 Soft Lockup Caused by Extent Status LRU Lock Contention in Linux 3.10
ITPUB
ITPUB
Mar 3, 2017 · Fundamentals

What Really Happens to Files and Disks During a Power Outage?

When power is lost mid‑write, the write command, device caches, and ordering become uncertain, and file systems employ various strategies—ranging from ignoring errors to copy‑on‑write and journaling—to mitigate data loss, each with trade‑offs in performance and reliability.

Copy-on-WriteFile Systemdata integrity
0 likes · 9 min read
What Really Happens to Files and Disks During a Power Outage?