This article explains how Linux Virtual Server (LVS) uses kernel‑space packet forwarding, zero‑copy techniques, IPVS layer‑4 routing, horizontal scaling, and Linux kernel tuning to support million‑level concurrent connections in large‑scale architectures.
This article explains Kubernetes' internal and external load‑balancing mechanisms, detailing how Services, kube‑proxy, and IPVS work together and outlining common algorithms such as round‑robin, weighted round‑robin, least connections, IP hash, and consistent hashing.
This tutorial explains how Keepalived provides targeted high‑availability for LVS clusters by implementing VRRP, details its architecture, walks through installation, configuration of VRRP and virtual servers, shows health‑check scripts, and demonstrates testing of fail‑over and load‑balancing behavior.
This tutorial explains Keepalived’s VRRP‑based failover, IPVS rule generation, health‑checking, script integration, installation methods, detailed configuration files, notification handling, logging, brain‑split prevention, and VRRP scripting for building robust high‑availability clusters on Linux.
This article explains the concept of IPVS (IP Virtual Server) as a layer‑4 load balancer, compares ipvs with iptables, details LVS scheduling algorithms, and provides step‑by‑step commands for configuring ipvsadm on both load‑balancer and real‑server nodes, including VIP setup and client testing.
This article explains how kube-proxy and CNI plugins cooperate within a Kubernetes cluster to translate Service ClusterIP requests into real Pod IPs, detailing the Netfilter, iptables/ipvs rule configuration, overlay networking modes, and the emerging proxy‑free approaches using eBPF.
This guide explains how to create a high‑availability web load‑balancing cluster using Linux Virtual Server (LVS) and Keepalived on CentOS, covering background, terminology, environment setup, detailed configuration steps for master and backup nodes, real‑server preparation, HA testing, and final conclusions.
This article explains how Kubernetes' kube-proxy component implements service discovery and load balancing using two modes—iptables and ipvs—detailing the underlying packet‑processing chains, NAT rules, probability‑based forwarding, and the performance differences between the two approaches.
This article explains the role of kube-proxy in Kubernetes service discovery and load balancing, compares its iptables and ipvs modes, and walks through real command outputs to show how traffic is routed, NAT‑ed, and balanced across multiple pods.
This article explains what a Kubernetes Service is, why it is needed, how to create one with a Deployment, and details the internal workings of Service controllers, Endpoints, and kube-proxy using iptables and ipvs modes.
The article investigates why Kubernetes pods can access a CLB on port 80 but receive connection‑refused errors on port 443, explains the role of the dummy kube‑ipvs0 interface and IPVS rules, and presents annotation‑based and traffic‑policy solutions for both internal and external access.
This article provides a comprehensive guide to Linux Virtual Server (LVS) load balancing, covering its architecture, core concepts, software modules, NAT/TUN/DR modes, scheduling algorithms, ipvsadm command usage, and step‑by‑step deployment of LVS‑NAT with Keepalived for both TCP and UDP scenarios.
This article explains why kube-proxy’s default iptables load-balancing can cause traffic imbalance during rolling updates, round-robin scheduling, and autoscaling, compares ipvs with iptables, and offers practical best-practice recommendations such as using source-hash scheduling and layer-7 proxies to achieve more even load distribution in Kubernetes clusters.
This article explains Keepalived’s inner workings, covering its integration with LVS/IPVS, the VRRP election protocol, key configuration parameters, load‑balancing algorithms, and practical deployment examples to help engineers build reliable high‑availability services.
The article explains the workings of kube-proxy in iptables and IPVS modes, compares their differences, describes the use of ipset for efficient rule handling, and defines static Pods in Kubernetes, highlighting their management by the kubelet and lack of API Server involvement.
This step‑by‑step guide shows how to prepare three CentOS 7 nodes, install containerd, configure system settings, deploy kubeadm/kubelet/kubectl, initialize a Kubernetes v1.22.1 control plane, add worker nodes, install the flannel CNI plugin, set up the Dashboard, and clean up the environment.
This article explains Keepalived’s high‑availability architecture, detailing its integration with LVS/IPVS, VRRP‑based master election, configuration parameters like state, priority, nopreempt, and weight, and how traffic is forwarded and balanced across real servers using various scheduling algorithms.
This article explains the principles and configuration of Keepalived, covering its role in providing high‑availability virtual IPs, the VRRP election process, traffic forwarding, load‑balancing algorithms, and practical configuration examples with vrrp_instance and vrrp_script directives.
This article explains Kubernetes' network model, covering container‑to‑container, pod‑to‑pod, pod‑to‑service, and external traffic flows, while detailing network namespaces, veth pairs, Linux bridges, iptables/IPVS load‑balancing, and cloud‑native solutions like LoadBalancer and Ingress controllers.
This article provides a comprehensive guide to Linux Virtual Server (LVS), covering its history, four operating modes, scheduling algorithms, installation steps, MySQL load‑balancing configuration, ARP suppression techniques, and high‑availability setup using keepalived, all illustrated with diagrams and code snippets.
This guide explains why IPVS outperforms iptables for large Kubernetes clusters, then walks through installing ipvsadm, loading kernel modules on master and worker nodes, configuring kube-proxy to use IPVS, cleaning iptables rules, and verifying network and DNS functionality with a BusyBox pod.
Both iptables and IPVS modes let kube-proxy route Service traffic, but iptables relies on a linear rule list that scales poorly, while IPVS uses hash-based O(1) lookups and richer algorithms, offering higher performance and scalability for large Kubernetes clusters.
This article explains the principles and implementation of content‑based request distribution in Linux IPVS and the kernel‑mode KTCPVS, covering TCP gateway vs. migration, scheduling algorithms, high‑availability mechanisms, and performance benefits such as improved cache hit rates and scalability.
This article explores the IPVS kernel load‑balancing mechanisms, detailing ten built‑in connection scheduling algorithms, introducing a dynamic‑feedback load‑balancing strategy that adjusts server weights based on real‑time metrics, and explains how to compute aggregate load and weight adjustments to achieve optimal scalability and transparency.
This comprehensive guide explains the architecture and working principles of Linux Virtual Server (LVS), details its NAT, DR, TUN, and FULLNAT modes, explores session persistence techniques, reviews ten scheduling algorithms, and compares LVS with Nginx for high‑performance load balancing.
This article explains how to build a high‑performance, 5K‑node hybrid‑cloud container network by reviewing Kubernetes pod and service networking, comparing iptables, IPVS and eBPF implementations, and describing large‑scale overlay, BGP, IPVlan, and NodeLocal DNS solutions.
This article details a real-world case where a JD Cloud engineer overcomes Kubernetes service limitations to enable external access to ClusterIP services and pods, exploring service types, network routing, packet capture analysis, and the solution of enabling kube-proxy’s masquerade‑all feature.
A production Kubernetes cluster experienced intermittent network jitter caused by the IPVS estimation_timer soft‑interrupt, and the article details how BPF tracing, perf analysis, and a kpatch live‑patch were used to identify and eliminate the latency without rebooting the nodes.
This article examines the limitations of traditional Kubernetes Service implementations, introduces Tencent TKE’s IPVS‑BPF mode that bypasses nf_conntrack using eBPF for SNAT, details its design and implementation steps, and presents extensive performance measurements showing significant latency and throughput improvements.
A Kubernetes user reported intermittent “No route to host” errors during Deployment rolling updates, and this article analyzes common connection‑related errors, explains how IPVS weight handling and source‑port reuse cause the issue, and provides mitigation strategies such as preStop hooks, readiness probes, scaling, and anti‑affinity.
This article provides a detailed source‑code walkthrough of Kubernetes' kube‑proxy IPVS load‑balancing mode, explaining the command‑line setup with cobra, the internal ProxyServer and Proxier structures, the BoundedFrequencyRunner, ServiceConfig handling, and the core syncProxyRules function that generates IPVS, iptables and ipset rules.
This article examines kube-proxy’s three load‑balancing modes, focusing on the IPVS implementation, and walks through its source code, command‑line setup with cobra, core structures like ProxyServer and Proxier, the async BoundedFrequencyRunner, and the detailed service and endpoint synchronization processes.
This article explains the role of Kubernetes Service and kube-proxy, details each Service type (ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, Ingress), compares iptables‑based and IPVS‑based load‑balancing implementations, and provides configuration examples for both modes.
This article explains the principles, advantages, and limitations of various load‑balancing techniques—including HTTP redirection, DNS‑based balancing, reverse‑proxy, LVS‑NAT, LVS‑DR, and LVS‑TUN—while providing practical Linux commands and configuration examples for building scalable systems.
This comprehensive guide explains the concepts, architecture, and operation principles of Linux Virtual Server (LVS) load‑balancing clusters, details the NAT, DR, and Tun modes, compares scheduling algorithms, and provides step‑by‑step scripts and commands for setting up high‑availability LVS environments with keepalived.
This guide walks through expanding an e‑commerce website from 1,000 QPS to 3,000 QPS by deploying an LVS load‑balancing cluster, covering NAT and DR modes, IPVS configuration, kernel tuning, persistent connections, and SSL termination with step‑by‑step commands and diagrams.
This comprehensive tutorial explains the fundamentals of Linux Virtual Server (LVS), its architecture, scheduling algorithms, and detailed step‑by‑step configurations for NAT, DR, and Tun modes, including scripts, iptables rules, and keepalived HA integration, with testing procedures and reference links.
This article explains the concept of load balancing beyond simple equal distribution, comparing HTTP redirection, DNS‑based balancing, reverse‑proxy methods, and various Linux Virtual Server (LVS) approaches—including NAT, direct routing, and IP tunneling—highlighting their mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and practical configuration commands.
This article explains the concept of load balancing, compares HTTP redirection, DNS‑based balancing, reverse‑proxy methods, and Linux Virtual Server techniques (LVS‑NAT, LVS‑DR, LVS‑TUN), detailing their mechanisms, performance trade‑offs, configuration commands, and practical deployment considerations for scalable server infrastructures.
This article explains various load‑balancing techniques—including HTTP redirects, DNS‑based balancing, reverse‑proxy solutions, and Linux Virtual Server methods (LVS‑NAT, LVS‑DR, LVS‑TUN)—detailing their principles, advantages, limitations, and practical configuration commands.
This guide explains keepalived’s VRRP‑based high‑availability architecture, details its core components, and provides a complete configuration walkthrough with diagrams, demonstrating how to set up a resilient IPVS load‑balancing cluster and verify failover behavior.
This article explains the Linux Virtual Server (LVS) architecture, its three load‑balancing models (NAT, Direct Routing, and Tunneling), the roles of Director and Real servers, the key IP terminology, and both static and dynamic scheduling algorithms used to distribute network traffic efficiently.
This article explains the architecture of Linux Virtual Server (LVS) load balancers, detailing the roles of the Director server, Real servers, shared storage, and the three primary IPVS scheduling modes—DR, NAT/FULL NAT, and TUN—including their mechanisms, advantages, and configuration considerations.
The article explains the three LVS load‑balancing modes—NAT, IP tunnel, and direct routing—and details eight scheduling algorithms, including round‑robin, weighted round‑robin, least‑connection, weighted least‑connection, locality‑based, locality‑based with replication, destination‑hashing, and source‑hashing, highlighting their principles and use cases.
Load balancing distributes traffic across multiple servers using techniques such as HTTP redirects, reverse‑proxy (layer‑7) routing, IP‑based (layer‑4) balancing, and DNS round‑robin, each with distinct advantages and drawbacks regarding performance, scalability, configuration complexity, and fault tolerance.
