This article compiles practical Linux shell commands for locating and moving files, batch extracting archives, using sed for text manipulation, checking directory existence, monitoring disk usage, analyzing logs, managing firewalls, and automating common sysadmin tasks, all presented with clear examples and explanations.
This guide walks through preparing a Linux server and client, adjusting kernel and user limits, configuring multiple IP addresses, and running PHP scripts to create and monitor up to one million concurrent TCP connections for performance testing.
This article explains the purpose of swap partitions, shows how to check current swap usage, and provides step‑by‑step instructions for creating swap space both via a dedicated disk partition and by using a swap file on a Linux server.
The article explains how to use the Linux commands ifconfig, ifup/ifdown, and route for querying and modifying network interfaces, IP addresses, subnet masks, MTU values, and routing tables, providing example usages and practical tips for immediate effect.
This article explains the five Linux I/O models—blocking, non‑blocking, I/O multiplexing, signal‑driven, and asynchronous—detailing their system calls, synchronization characteristics, and how they map to Java BIO, NIO, and AIO implementations, with illustrative analogies and usage scenarios.
This comprehensive guide walks you through Linux command line fundamentals, directory and file manipulation, text processing, compression, system installation, permission management, regular expressions, and disk operations, providing practical examples and code snippets for each topic.
Learn how to master Linux command‑line history by displaying timestamps, reverse‑searching, re‑executing previous commands, running specific entries, adjusting history size, renaming the history file, clearing records, and even disabling history altogether, all with simple shell configurations and commands.
This guide explains how to install the open‑source Zeit tool on Ubuntu 20.04, launch its graphical interface, and use it to create both one‑time and recurring scheduled tasks via the at and crontab back‑ends, complete with command examples and screenshots.
This guide explains how to install GNU screen, create shared sessions across multiple hosts, keep tasks running after network interruptions or window closures, and use screen's vertical split feature to manage multiple terminals within a single session.
This article explains the concept of per‑CPU variables in the Linux kernel, how they are defined with DEFINE_PER_CPU, linked into the .data..percpu section, initialized during boot, and accessed at runtime via the GS register and macro expansions such as this_cpu_read_stable.
This guide introduces Vim’s core concepts, explains each editing mode, and provides step‑by‑step commands for inserting, navigating, editing, searching, and visual selection, enabling Linux users to become proficient with this powerful text editor.
The article explains Linux zero‑copy I/O techniques—mmap, sendfile, splice, and tee—detailing their design principles, execution flows, context‑switch and data‑copy reductions, advantages, limitations, and appropriate use cases, helping developers choose the optimal method for high‑performance file and network transfers.
This guide explains the Linux stat command, its syntax and options, and provides step‑by‑step examples showing how to display detailed file metadata and filesystem information, with clear explanations of each output field.
This guide introduces the powerful Linux grep command, explains its regex-based searching capabilities, and walks through ten hands‑on examples—including filtering by keywords, context lines, line numbers, and exclusion—followed by a concise reference of the most useful grep options.
This guide walks you through using the systemctl tool on modern Linux distributions to start, stop, restart, reload, enable, disable, and query services, manage system power, work with targets, handle remote hosts, and leverage related utilities like journalctl, systemd-analyze, and hostnamectl.
This guide walks through the concepts, volume types, and step‑by‑step commands needed to set up a highly available GlusterFS distributed storage cluster, configure various volume layouts, integrate NFS‑Ganesha for NFSv4 access, and mount the storage on clients using both GlusterFS and NFS protocols.
This article explains how Linux, combined with open‑source tools like LibreOffice, Abiword, Gnumeric, and Pandoc, can dramatically boost developers' efficiency by streamlining document handling, enabling powerful command‑line workflows, and offering lightweight alternatives to traditional office suites.
This article explains the complete Linux operating system boot sequence using CentOS 6 and CentOS 7 as examples, covering BIOS initialization, GRUB, kernel loading, runlevels, systemd, and final login steps in a clear, step‑by‑step manner.
This guide explains what MTR (My Traceroute) is, how to install it on Windows, Linux, macOS, and Android, demonstrates basic usage, details its output columns and command‑line options, and shows how to interpret loss and latency data to troubleshoot network problems.
This article explains why the “Too many open files” error occurs on Linux, analyzes the three related kernel parameters (fs.nr_open, nofile, and fs.file-max), shows the relevant source code, and provides step‑by‑step configuration guidance to safely increase file descriptor limits.
This guide walks you through installing NVIDIA drivers, CUDA, and nvidia-docker2 on a Linux host and configuring Docker containers to access the GPU, including verification steps and sample TensorFlow and PyTorch commands.
This article introduces essential concepts behind operating system startup—including BIOS, UEFI, MBR, GPT, and the GRUB bootloader—explaining their roles, differences, and how they interact to enable Linux (and other OS) boot processes on modern hardware.
This guide shows Linux administrators how to use the versatile find command to locate files by name, type, size, modification time, permissions, and combined criteria, and demonstrates common actions such as listing, deleting, and executing commands on the results.
This guide explains Linux environment variables, covering system‑wide and user‑specific permanent settings, temporary shell variables, common variables like PATH and HOME, and essential commands for viewing, modifying, and managing them effectively.
This guide explains how to configure ClamAV on Linux, run the clamdscan command to detect malicious files, and invoke the scanner from PHP using the exec function, including sample configuration and output details.
This guide walks through setting up a three‑node Zookeeper ensemble, configuring ActiveMQ with replicated LevelDB storage, and starting the services on each host, providing full command‑line steps, configuration snippets, and verification screenshots for a production‑grade deployment.
The Linux 5.8 kernel, despite its record‑breaking size, remains maintainable thanks to a disciplined Git‑based workflow that follows seven fundamental principles, continuous testing, and a culture of trust that together set a gold standard for large‑scale open‑source development.
This guide explains why regular backups are essential on Linux and provides step‑by‑step commands for creating full system archives with tar, cloning disks with dd, synchronizing files with rsync, and performing image‑based restores on new machines.
The article explains how China’s homegrown UOS, built on a Linux kernel and evolving from Deepin, aims to reduce reliance on Windows, outlines its versions and user feedback, and discusses the challenges and future prospects of expanding its ecosystem.
This article walks through a real‑world LNMP case where slow backend responses and 502 errors were diagnosed and resolved by analyzing Nginx logs, increasing file descriptor limits, adjusting FastCGI timeouts, and fine‑tuning PHP‑FPM settings, followed by performance testing with ApacheBench.
This guide shows how to manually install and configure systemd-timesyncd on Ubuntu or Debian, choose reachable NTP servers for China, restart the service, verify synchronization, and provides a list of domestic Alibaba Cloud NTP servers.
The article explores China’s domestically developed UOS operating system—its Linux‑based origins, evolution from Deepin, multiple consumer editions, current compatibility with Windows applications, and the challenges and prospects for broader adoption in a Windows‑dominated market.
This article provides a comprehensive, step‑by‑step walkthrough of how Linux handles system calls, covering the low‑level assembly entry point, register conventions, the sys_call_table registration process, struct pt_regs usage, and a practical write‑syscall example with a custom extension.
Learn how the nohup command lets Linux processes ignore SIGHUP, run in the background, and continue after terminal closure, including syntax, options, output redirection behavior, and practical examples for reliable background execution.
This guide reviews three popular graphical SSH tools for Linux—PuTTY, EasySSH, and Terminator—covering their key features, installation steps, usage tips, and security considerations to help system administrators choose the most efficient solution for managing multiple remote servers.
This guide details how to set up a high‑availability RocketMQ cluster with two name servers and four brokers across two Linux hosts, covering directory preparation, configuration file edits, service startup commands, and verification of the deployment.
Discover four essential Linux monitoring utilities—iotop, htop, IPTraf, and Monit—that help quickly diagnose I/O, CPU, memory, network traffic, and process health, offering detailed per-process insights and flexible alerting for effective system management.
This guide explains how to configure MySQL for high‑concurrency testing, use the built‑in mysqlslap tool and the third‑party sysbench utility to benchmark read/write performance, CPU, I/O, and memory, and interpret the resulting metrics for database optimization.
This guide explains how to install tmux on CentOS, create and name sessions, detach and reattach them, list existing sessions, and use keyboard shortcuts to open, switch, split, and close windows, providing practical commands and visual examples for seamless terminal multiplexing.
This article provides a detailed, step‑by‑step walkthrough of the Linux kernel’s packet‑receiving path, covering NIC DMA, hardware and soft interrupts, ksoftirqd threads, NAPI polling, protocol‑stack registration, IP/UDP processing, and the final recvfrom system call that delivers data to user space.
An infected Linux server shows high CPU usage but standard tools miss the culprit; this guide explains how mining malware hides its process via /proc tricks, demonstrates detection using network scans, unhide tools, and offers removal steps to eradicate the hidden miner.
This guide walks through downloading the Jira Server installer, setting up a PostgreSQL database, executing the installation, opening required ports, adding the Atlassian agent for licensing, and completing initial configuration to get Jira Software 8.13.2 running on a Linux server.
This article provides a thorough, step‑by‑step guide to using the Linux sar command for real‑time and historical monitoring of CPU, memory, I/O, and network statistics, including syntax, sample outputs, installation tips, common pitfalls, and data‑export techniques.
This article explains how to configure Linux network settings, describes the contents of key configuration files such as ifcfg, /etc/resolv.conf, and /etc/hosts, and introduces routing concepts, static and dynamic routes, gateways, IP/MAC headers, CIDR, and common virtual networking methods.
A concise reference of the most useful Linux shell commands—from file searching and process management to networking and file compression—explains syntax, common options, and practical examples to help developers interact efficiently with Linux servers.
This article traces Linus Torvalds' journey from studying operating systems with Minix to creating the Linux kernel, highlighting the technical choices, community dynamics, and historical factors that turned a personal project into the foundation of modern open‑source computing.
This guide walks you through installing the interactive TLDR client Tldr++, explains its usage for quickly learning Linux commands, and demonstrates a complete workflow of downloading, extracting, and moving files—all without leaving the terminal.
This article explains why using the forceful kill -9 command to stop Linux processes can cause data loss and inconsistent states, especially in distributed systems, and demonstrates several graceful shutdown methods for Spring Boot—including SIGTERM, ConfigurableApplicationContext.close(), Actuator shutdown endpoints, custom Tomcat connector handling, and @PreDestroy data‑backup hooks—complete with code examples and execution logs.
A 16‑year‑old developer repurposed a non‑functional iPhone 7 with a dead NAND chip by installing Ubuntu 20.04 using checkra1n, linux‑sandcastle and custom udev scripts, turning the device into a functional server that offloads load from his main machine.
This guide introduces Linux as the leading server OS, explains its top‑level directory hierarchy, outlines essential command syntax and file‑permission concepts, and provides a concise overview of Vim’s modal editing commands, all illustrated with clear examples and diagrams.
The article explains Google’s GKI transformation requirements—preserving a stable Kernel Module Interface, using only exported and whitelisted symbols, employing vendor hook mechanisms for custom SoC/OEM code, detecting interface mismatches, and offering alternatives such as padding macros and existing kernel event registration to avoid breaking KMI.
This article explains the fundamentals of IO events and multiplexing, compares thread‑based and event‑driven architectures, details the Reactor pattern variants, and clarifies synchronous versus asynchronous IO, providing a practical guide for building high‑performance network frameworks in Linux environments.
This guide explains how to install GNU Screen, create and share sessions across multiple hosts, keep long‑running commands alive after network loss or window closure, and use Screen's split‑screen feature for multitasking in a Linux terminal.
This article explains why file writes are non‑atomic, illustrates the risks of partial writes, and details how journaling (write‑ahead logging) and its variants—data and metadata journaling—ensure filesystem consistency and performance on Linux systems.
The article explains how the Linux kernel discovers and calls module initialization functions like inet_init by using the fs_initcall macro, which creates static initcall variables placed in specially‑named sections that the linker groups and the kernel iterates at boot time.
This article explains how Linux 3.10 organizes memory using NUMA nodes, zones, the buddy system, and the SLAB allocator, providing commands, code examples, and visual diagrams to illustrate each layer of the kernel's efficient memory management.
This article explains the Linux kernel memory management hierarchy—including NUMA nodes, memory zones, the buddy system for free pages, and the SLAB allocator—providing command‑line examples, code snippets, and visual diagrams to illustrate how the kernel efficiently allocates and reclaims memory.
This article explains common awk built‑in variables such as OFS, NR, and NF, demonstrates practical awk one‑liners for extracting and formatting /etc/passwd data, and shows how to use netstat (and ss) together with awk to monitor network connection states on a Linux system.
This guide walks Linux operations engineers through common signs of a compromised host—such as missing logs, altered password files, unexpected login events, and deleted critical files—and provides concrete command‑line techniques for detection, investigation, and recovery using tools like ll, du, lastlog, who, lsof, and tcpdump.
This guide outlines comprehensive Linux security hardening steps—including account protection, service minimization, password policies, sudo usage, file system safeguards, rootkit detection tools, and post‑attack response—to help operations teams secure their servers against common threats.
This article introduces the five Linux I/O models—blocking, non‑blocking, I/O multiplexing, signal‑driven, and asynchronous—explaining core concepts such as blocking vs non‑blocking calls, synchronous vs asynchronous processing, and detailing each model’s execution phases, advantages, and typical use‑cases.
Teen developer Daniel Rodriguez repurposes a non‑functional iPhone 7 by jailbreaking it, building a custom Ubuntu 20.04 root filesystem, compiling a tailored kernel, and using projectsandcastle and PongoOS to boot Linux, effectively turning the device into a networked ARM64 server.
This guide explains how to configure Ansible inventory, write a YAML playbook that updates the root password on two servers, execute the playbook, and verify the password change through SSH login, illustrating a flexible automation workflow for multi‑host deployments.
This guide introduces the most useful Linux text‑viewing commands—including cat, tac, more, less, head, tail, sort, sed, uniq, and vi—explaining their basic syntax, common options, and practical examples for efficient file inspection and manipulation.
This guide explains how to set up SSH certificate‑based authentication by creating a Certificate Authority, generating user and host keys, signing certificates, configuring both server and client to trust them, and managing revocation, offering a more secure alternative to password or key‑pair logins.
This guide walks through preparing the Linux environment on Kubernetes master and node machines, creating a bare Git repository, configuring SSH access, cloning the repository, and demonstrating core Git commands such as add, commit, status, diff, and push to a remote server.
This guide shows how to transform an outdated 2011 13‑inch MacBook Pro into a usable Linux machine by creating a Fedora 33 live USB, installing the OS, and configuring the Broadcom Wi‑Fi driver, all within about an hour of work.
This article explains how to use the Linux export command to set and view environment variables, demonstrates common options such as listing all exports, exporting specific variables, exporting functions, and shows how to persist settings in shell configuration files, providing practical examples for beginners.
This guide walks you through configuring SSH key‑based authentication, generating a public‑private key pair, copying the public key to a remote server, and using ssh‑agent to cache your passphrase for seamless logins.
This guide walks through the complete GCC compilation pipeline—preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking—using a simple C "Hello World" program, detailing each step, relevant commands, and how to inspect the resulting ELF binary.
This article explains the layered design of Linux file I/O, describes how data moves from application buffers through libc, page cache, and kernel I/O queues to disk, discusses synchronization primitives, consistency issues, and performance factors such as scheduling algorithms and hardware characteristics.
This guide explains why password‑based SSH logins are insecure, introduces asymmetric key concepts, walks through generating key pairs with ssh‑keygen, uploading public keys manually or via ssh‑copy‑id, using ssh‑agent and ssh‑add to manage passphrases, and disabling password authentication for hardened server access.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Linux's core components—including the kernel, memory and process management, virtual file system, device drivers, network stack, shell variants, file types, directory hierarchy, partitioning, mounting, and essential command‑line tools—while illustrating each concept with diagrams and code examples.
This guide walks you through querying a Linux server's basic configuration—including OS version, kernel, CPU specs, memory usage, disk usage, and block device details—using common command‑line tools with clear examples and explanations.
This article explains the Linux ps command, its purpose, common options, process states, and provides practical examples such as pstree, ps ‑Lf, pstack, kill signals, and various ps usages for listing all processes, filtering by user, and combining with grep.
Learn how to securely copy files between local and remote machines using the scp command, covering basic syntax, authentication options, copying to and from remote hosts, recursive directory transfers, and transferring between two remote servers, all illustrated with practical examples.
This guide provides system administrators with a step‑by‑step checklist to audit and harden Linux operating systems, covering account management, password policies, service restrictions, filesystem permissions, logging configuration, and practical command examples for comprehensive security compliance.
This article provides a step‑by‑step guide to preparing the operating system, installing and configuring MySQL, tuning system parameters, and using a Bash one‑click deployment script to automate the setup and initialization of a MySQL 5.7.32 instance on Linux.
This article introduces ten fundamental Linux commands—pgrep, pstree, bc, split, nl, mkfifo, ldd, col, xmlwf, and lsof—explaining their purposes, typical usage examples, and how they can help developers and system administrators work more efficiently on Unix-like systems.
This article provides a comprehensive, step‑by‑step tutorial for setting up a three‑node Ceph storage cluster on CentOS 7.9, covering host configuration, firewall and SELinux settings, package installation, monitor, manager, OSD, MDS, and RGW deployment, along with required keyrings, configuration files, and troubleshooting tips.
Learn how to use the Linux tar command to archive files and directories, explore options for creating, listing, and extracting archives, and compare gzip, bzip2, and xz compression methods with performance metrics and practical examples.
This guide explains why careful file deletion matters, introduces Linux tools like lsof and extundelete for recovering accidentally removed files, and provides step‑by‑step commands, installation instructions, and precautions to successfully restore data from ext3/ext4 partitions.
This guide walks through installing Gogs, creating a start‑up script, configuring a systemd service, launching the server, checking its status, creating repositories via the web UI or command line, and pushing code with saved credentials, all on a Linux host.
A comprehensive reference of over two hundred Linux command‑line utilities, grouped by function such as file management, system monitoring, networking, user administration, and process control, each with concise English descriptions to help beginners and seasoned administrators quickly find the right tool for any task.
Upgrading a production Linux server safely requires thorough preparation—including full backups, verifying software compatibility, using a temporary server and load balancer, and scheduling the upgrade during low traffic—to avoid data loss, downtime, and performance issues.
This article explains the relationship and differences among 32‑bit and 64‑bit hardware, operating systems, and applications, covering CPU families, Linux and Windows OS variants, compatibility layers, and how to identify architecture using simple commands.
This article explains what inodes are, why they can become exhausted despite available disk space, and provides practical Linux commands and preventive steps to identify and resolve inode exhaustion issues.
This guide walks through installing MariaDB, creating a Gogs database and user, setting up Git, extracting and launching Gogs, and configuring the application—including disabling registration—to complete a simple self‑hosted Git server on Linux.
This article explains how Linux manages TCP sockets at the kernel level, shows how to adjust system limits for massive concurrent connections, walks through key source code such as sock_common, tcp_v4_rcv, and inet_lookup, and provides practical tuning steps to achieve over a million simultaneous client connections.
Ansible is a simple, powerful, agent‑less automation language that uses YAML‑based playbooks to manage configurations, install software, and orchestrate tasks across Linux, Windows, Unix, and network devices; this guide explains its architecture, installation on Ubuntu, configuration files, inventory setup, and common ad‑hoc commands.
A seven‑day series of experiments measures the memory footprint of TCP sockets in various states—including ESTABLISH, data transfer, and TIME_WAIT—showing how the Linux kernel optimizes socket memory usage and what factors influence the actual consumption.
This guide introduces several Linux performance monitoring tools—nmon, perf, top, iostat, sar, dstat, and htop—explaining their functions, key metrics, and installation commands for use on a Huawei Kunpeng server. It also shows how to generate flame graphs with perf and highlights htop's interactive advantages.
This compilation presents Qunar's 2020 technical articles covering domain‑driven design, API standardization, backend services, Linux I/O, Redis distributed locks, GraphQL, JVM internals, and performance optimizations, offering detailed insights and practical guidance for engineers seeking to improve system architecture and operational efficiency.
The article presents a seven‑day series of experiments measuring how much memory a TCP connection occupies in various states—including ESTABLISH, data transfer, and TIME_WAIT—revealing kernel optimizations for socket buffer reclamation and overall memory overhead.
This article provides a detailed Linux tutorial for installing MongoDB, disabling the firewall, extracting the package, setting environment paths, creating data and log directories, editing the configuration file, and launching the database both in foreground and as a background service.
This guide explains how to enrich Linux Bash history with execution timestamps, user and IP information, and how to modify the Bash source to forward history entries to syslog, ensuring tamper‑resistant audit logs for security incident response.
This article traces the origins of Unix and Linux, explains how Linux emerged as an open‑source clone of Unix, compares their licensing, portability, community support, and usage in data centers and devices, and highlights the key distinctions that set the two operating systems apart.
This guide shows how to enrich Linux Bash history with execution timestamps, user and IP information, and forward logs to syslog or a remote server, improving auditability and protecting against tampering during security incident response.
The article explains what inodes are, why they can become fully consumed even when disk space remains, and provides step‑by‑step Linux commands and cron adjustments to identify the offending directories, delete excess files, and prevent future inode exhaustion.
This guide explains why standard rm fails on files with special characters or leading dashes and provides six reliable techniques—including using a path prefix, the "--" separator, quoting, escaping, inode deletion, and wildcards—to safely remove such files on Linux systems.
