This tutorial walks through setting up a four‑node Kafka cluster—including Zookeeper installation, broker configuration, service startup, replication settings, fault handling, and leader election—using Linux commands and detailed code snippets to help readers build a production‑ready streaming platform.
This comprehensive guide explores Linux’s four core components—kernel, shell, filesystem, and applications—detailing kernel architecture, memory and process management, VFS, device drivers, network interfaces, shell types, file types, directory structures, mounting, and essential command-line tools for system administration.
This article explains how Linux command‑line pipelines work, highlights the limitations of traditional shell scripts, and demonstrates how a concise Python script can replace them for counting unique users in log files while remaining easy to read, reusable, and powerful.
Learn how to speed up navigation with the "z" command, enhance Vim with a ready-made config, add a clear MySQL prompt, accurately check OS version, and visualize disk usage using concise terminal commands and scripts.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Linux file systems, covering VFS, directory hierarchy, absolute and relative paths, symbolic links, mounting, file locking, and the essential system calls such as creat, open, read, write, lseek, stat, pipe, and fcntl.
This guide shows how to speed up Linux command‑line work by installing the z directory‑jump script, applying a feature‑rich Vim configuration, customizing MySQL prompts, accurately checking OS version, and using a more visual disk‑usage tool.
This guide compiles the most frequently used Linux commands for file navigation, content viewing, searching, permission handling, text processing, archiving, system control, and process management, providing clear examples that help operations staff work more efficiently and confidently.
This article demonstrates how to recover mistakenly deleted InnoDB .ibd files by locating the open file handle through Linux procfs, locking database traffic, copying the hidden file, and restoring it to a running MySQL instance.
This guide explains multiple ways to copy and paste text and commands in Linux terminals, covering keyboard shortcuts like Ctrl+Shift+C/V, right‑click context menus, mouse middle‑click pasting, terminal‑specific key bindings, and special cases such as Putty and flow‑control keys.
The article explains why Linux’s free command reports far higher used memory than the RSS values shown by ps aux, by breaking down buffers, cache, slab allocations, page tables and shared libraries, and provides shell scripts to calculate each component.
Linus Torvalds highlighted the generational challenge of Linux kernel maintenance, the difficulty of finding new maintainers, the importance of trust, the continued dominance of C with emerging Rust support, and previewed the massive upcoming 5.8 release with its new hardware and feature updates.
This article introduces SSH as an encrypted network protocol, explains its login principles, demonstrates basic command usage, and provides detailed examples of remote login, local and remote port forwarding, dynamic forwarding, remote operations, and security considerations for Linux systems.
This guide walks you through four essential Linux commands—wall, mesg, write, and talk/ytalk—detailing how to broadcast messages, control incoming chats, send direct text, and start interactive sessions, complete with syntax examples and usage tips.
This guide walks you through ten essential Linux command‑line tools—such as uptime, vmstat, iostat, and top—showing how Netflix’s performance engineers use them to quickly assess system load, resource saturation, and errors within the first minute of investigation.
This guide explains how to identify Nginx bottlenecks, apply a series of configuration and kernel tweaks—including worker processes, event model, connection limits, gzip, proxy timeouts, and sysctl settings—and then validate the improvements with Apache ab load testing to achieve up to 100 000 concurrent requests.
This comprehensive guide explains how to start, stop, and configure Apache HTTP on Windows and UNIX, covering default ports, key configuration files, version checking, security hardening, logging, virtual hosts, proxy setup, performance tuning, and common troubleshooting techniques.
This article walks through ten common Linux shell interview questions, covering script interruption, file header removal, line length checking, viewing non‑printing characters, directory permissions, process states, cut usage, cmp vs diff, echo vs ls, and a brief explanation of inodes.
This article traces the early emergence of domestic Linux‑based operating systems in China, examines why most early distributions faded, analyzes the ecosystem and policy shifts since 2015, and reviews the latest domestic CPUs and the unified UOS platform that aim to reshape the market.
The weekly roundup covers China's first financial blockchain standard, Intel's 11th‑gen Tiger Lake CPUs, Linux From Scratch v10, Microsoft's deep‑fake detection tool, a record‑scale brain‑inspired computer, a global traffic dip caused by a Level 3 BGP outage, TSMC's AI‑powered chip‑data processing, advances in Bayesian neural networks, and a SIGIR paper on two‑stage question matching.
This guide explains how to install, start, name, detach, reattach, nest, and close GNU Screen sessions on Linux, enabling you to keep long‑running processes alive across network interruptions and efficiently manage multiple terminal tasks in a single window.
This guide walks you through installing Hugo, creating a static blog, configuring Nginx as a reverse proxy, setting up Gitbook for documentation, and integrating Qiniu cloud storage for image handling, all on a Linux server using personal domain access.
This guide introduces four powerful open‑source terminal file managers for Linux—nnn, ranger, cfiles, and dfshow—detailing their key features, platform support, command‑line usage, and where to find their source repositories.
bashtop is a Bash‑written Linux resource monitor that visualizes CPU, memory, disk, network and process usage, offers a game‑inspired UI with fast navigation, configurable settings, and real‑time graphs, and is available on GitHub with detailed configuration examples and usage instructions.
When a large file is deleted on a Linux server but the '/' partition still reports 100% usage, a running process likely still holds the file open, preventing space reclamation; this article explains the cause, shows how to find deleted‑but‑in‑use files with lsof, and offers recovery steps such as killing processes, restarting services, truncating logs, and adjusting reserved block percentages.
The article shares a personal journey of using the Deepin Linux distribution for everyday development, communication, and entertainment, demonstrating its graphical interface, extensive software support, Android app compatibility, and various efficiency and freedom advantages that make it a viable Windows alternative.
PELT (Per‑Entity Load Tracking) replaces the coarse per‑run‑queue load model in Linux’s CFS scheduler with fine‑grained, decay‑based load and utility measurements for each scheduling entity, enabling more accurate load‑balancing, CPU‑frequency decisions, and hierarchical group scheduling across heterogeneous cores.
This article introduces seven visually impressive Linux distributions—elementary OS, Deepin, Pop!_OS, Manjaro, KDE Neon, Zorin OS, and Nitrux—highlighting their unique designs, underlying bases, key features, and where to download them, helping developers choose a beautiful desktop environment.
A roundup of recent tech news covering a Cisco sabotage case, a London data‑center fire, Linux's 29th anniversary, Gartner's China ICT trends, major cloud investments, Windows 95 milestones, Didi's GPU server launch, Hainan's DNS project, Dell’Oro's market report, executive share reductions, and an upcoming global operations conference.
This article explains how operating systems manage diverse I/O devices through device controllers, registers, drivers, DMA, and Linux’s generic block layer, and walks through the complete sequence that occurs—from a keyboard press to the character appearing on the screen.
This article explains how Linux system calls work, compares their overhead to regular function calls, and details the three implementation methods—software interrupts, fast syscall instructions, and the virtual dynamic shared object (vDSO)—including their performance trade‑offs and practical usage.
This guide walks through installing the Hack TrueType font on Ubuntu 18.04, covering downloading from GitHub, extracting the archive, creating a local fonts directory, moving files, rebuilding the font cache, verifying the installation, and optionally removing the font, with all commands provided.
This guide walks through the complete process of setting up a fault‑tolerant RocketMQ cluster on two Linux servers, covering environment preparation, Java installation, NameServer and Broker deployment, configuration of master‑slave modes, startup commands, troubleshooting, port opening, verification, and optional console installation.
This guide walks you through accessing the GRUB menu, editing boot parameters, gaining a root shell, and safely resetting the root password on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS or 20.04 LTS without needing the original credentials.
This guide walks through verifying the existing Nginx 1.16.1 process, compiling and configuring Nginx 1.18.0 with identical options, performing a zero‑downtime binary replacement, and handling rollback procedures using signals and process management commands on a Linux server.
This article shares the author's personal experience transitioning from Windows to Linux, discusses motivations like learning and freedom, outlines Linux's advantages and drawbacks, and provides detailed troubleshooting steps for common issues on Debian/Ubuntu such as graphics, Wi‑Fi, IDE rendering, and input method bugs.
This guide shows a quick user‑space technique to conceal a Linux process by overwriting its PID with an unused value using a short SystemTap script, includes the exact code, execution steps, detection method, and a brief explanation of why it works.
This article shares a two‑year personal experience with the Deepin Linux distribution, covering its graphical desktop, daily development tools, social communication apps, ability to run Android applications, and a detailed list of advantages that make Linux a viable alternative to Windows for many users.
The article explains how Position Independent Code (PIC) enables code to run at any address using GOT and PLT tricks, how Position Independent Executables (PIE) extend this to whole binaries, and how Linux’s Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) leverages PIE to fully randomize process memory, making exploitation significantly harder.
This guide explains why printf outperforms echo in shell scripts, details its syntax, lists essential escape characters and conversion specifiers, and provides multiple practical examples—including numeric bases, floating‑point formatting, tabular output, and colored alignment—to help you format command‑line output precisely.
This article shares a personal experience of using Linux as a daily development platform, covering its graphical desktop, supported development tools, communication apps, ability to run Android applications, and the many efficiency, freedom, and aesthetic advantages that make it a viable Windows alternative.
This step‑by‑step guide shows how to enable security groups, install the BT control panel, configure firewall rules, deploy JDK and Tomcat, and install Docker on a Linux server, including all required commands and troubleshooting tips.
This guide explains why dual‑booting is being replaced by WSL 2, describes its architecture and performance benefits, and provides step‑by‑step instructions for installing Ubuntu 20.04, configuring WSL 2, and setting up VS Code, Docker, Kubernetes, and the new Windows Terminal for a powerful developer workstation.
This comprehensive guide walks through Linux's core components—including the kernel, shell, and file system—explaining memory and process management, VFS architecture, partition types, mounting procedures, common commands, and optimization tips, all illustrated with diagrams and practical examples.
The article shares a personal experience of using Linux (especially the Deepin distribution) for daily work, development, communication, and multimedia, comparing its advantages over Windows and showing how it can serve as a viable, efficient, and free alternative.
This article explains the distinction between Linux Buffers and Cache, how they appear in the free command, their representation in /proc/meminfo, and demonstrates practical experiments using vmstat and dd to observe their behavior during read and write operations, concluding with clear usage guidelines.
This guide shows how to compile Flameshot on Ubuntu 16.04, integrate the qxtglobalshortcut5 library, register a custom global shortcut (e.g., Ctrl+F5), and use the enhanced tool while noting remaining limitations such as focus‑loss windows and input‑method support.
This guide walks you through a step‑by‑step method for diagnosing a sluggish production server, covering overall system status with top, CPU usage via vmstat, memory with free, disk space with df, disk I/O using iostat, and network I/O using sar, so you can confidently answer interview questions.
Bashtop is a visually appealing, terminal‑based Linux resource monitor that displays CPU, memory, processes and network usage, and this guide walks you through its prerequisites, manual and package‑manager installations across major distributions, configuration options, and basic usage commands.
This step-by-step tutorial explains how to prepare a CentOS environment, install Java and Maven, clone the Ratel source code, build the project, launch the command-line Dou Dizhu client, and play the game with various modes, providing all necessary commands and screenshots.
This guide introduces five Linux command‑line calculators—bc, calc, expr, gcalccmd, and qalc—explaining how to install them on various distributions, use their interactive and non‑interactive modes, and perform common arithmetic, scientific, and unit‑conversion tasks.
This article presents a curated list of the ten most popular Linux distributions used for penetration testing and ethical hacking, detailing each distro's base system, key features, toolsets, and where to download them, helping security professionals choose the right platform for their needs.
The article explains Linux page cache fundamentals, shows how to inspect and reclaim cache, and provides detailed tuning of vm.dirty_* and vm.swappiness parameters to smooth Kafka write traffic, reduce I/O spikes, and improve overall performance, illustrated with before‑and‑after benchmarks.
This guide explains the Linux ps command, its basic options, output formats, and practical examples for listing all processes, filtering by user, CPU or memory usage, sorting, displaying threads, tree view, security information, root‑owned processes, and combining ps with watch for near‑real‑time monitoring.
This step‑by‑step guide shows how to set up a Discuz! forum on a Huawei Cloud CentOS 7.6 server, covering cloud login, security group configuration, installation of Apache, PHP, MariaDB, downloading and deploying Discuz! source, and final web‑based installation.
This article explains the five I/O models—blocking, non‑blocking, I/O multiplexing, signal‑driven, and asynchronous—detailing their operation, typical applications, advantages, and drawbacks within the Linux/UNIX networking environment, and compares synchronous versus asynchronous I/O concepts.
This guide explains how to restore accidentally deleted files on Linux by handling two scenarios—when the deleting process still holds an open file descriptor and when it has terminated—using lsof, /proc tricks, and the extundelete utility with step‑by‑step commands.
This guide walks through installing Erlang and RabbitMQ, configuring a mirrored RabbitMQ cluster, setting up HAProxy load balancing, and using Keepalived for automatic failover, providing a complete high‑availability solution for RabbitMQ on Linux.
This tutorial walks you through installing Zabbix on CentOS 7, covering prerequisite disabling of SELinux and firewalls, adding repositories, installing server, web, and database components, configuring files, securing MariaDB, starting services, and completing the web‑based setup with language customization.
This guide explains how to use Linux non‑blocking socket APIs (select, poll, epoll) and the OpenResty platform (Nginx + LuaJIT) to create scalable, high‑concurrency web services, covering architecture, caching strategies, and step‑by‑step installation and configuration.
This guide walks you through setting up a fault‑tolerant RocketMQ cluster on two CentOS 7 machines, covering deployment options, environment preparation, Java installation, NameServer and Broker configuration, startup procedures, troubleshooting, and optional console installation.
This tutorial provides a comprehensive, step-by-step procedure for setting up a log‑collection pipeline using Filebeat, Kafka, Zookeeper, Logstash, Elasticsearch, and Kibana across multiple servers, covering hardware preparation, system tuning, software installation, configuration files, and verification commands.
This article provides a comprehensive introduction to Docker, covering its underlying technology, reasons for adoption, step‑by‑step installation on CentOS, essential image and container commands, detailed Dockerfile instructions, and practical examples for building and running a Spring Boot application.
This guide introduces several handy Linux command-line tricks, including the 'z' shortcut for rapid directory navigation, a feature‑rich Vim configuration, customizing MySQL prompts, reliable methods to display system version details, and concise commands for checking disk usage, helping users streamline their workflow.
This guide explains Linux's memory architecture, how virtual memory (swap) works, and provides step‑by‑step commands to adjust swappiness, release page caches, and safely free swap space, helping you optimize system performance and avoid memory‑related issues.
This article examines the keep‑alive mechanism at both the HTTP and TCP layers, explains how Nginx parses and processes the Connection header, dissects Linux kernel socket options and libuv implementation, and shows how to configure and debug keep‑alive to release idle connections efficiently.
This guide explains how to install, start, name, detach, reattach, nest, switch between, and close GNU Screen sessions on Linux, providing concrete commands and key shortcuts to keep long‑running tasks alive even when network connections drop.
This guide explains how to use the Linux ps command to inspect and control processes, covering basic usage, common options, output formatting, filtering by user, CPU or memory usage, displaying process trees, security information, and real‑time monitoring with watch.
This guide explains how to analyze a sluggish production server by examining overall system metrics, CPU usage, memory, swap, disk space, and I/O using common Linux commands such as top, vmstat, free, df, iostat, and sar, with practical interpretation tips for each output field.
This article introduces four widely used Linux monitoring tools—iotop, htop, IPTraf, and Monit—explaining their features, usage scenarios, and how they help operations engineers diagnose performance issues without a GUI, including real‑time I/O tracking, visual CPU/memory graphs, network traffic analysis, and flexible alerting.
Explore the lineage from the 1969 birth of UNIX through the creation of Linux, the emergence of Apple's iOS, and the development of Android, highlighting key milestones, contributors, and how these systems interconnect as the foundational kernels of today’s major platforms.
This article walks through the design and implementation of a tiny Linux filesystem called TinyFS, explaining the VFS layers, required POSIX interfaces, data structures, core kernel code, usage steps, current limitations, and a roadmap for extending it with proper superblocks, concurrency, and page‑cache integration.
This article explains the role of virtual memory in Linux, covering the difference between physical and virtual memory, how swapping frees RAM, the two implementation methods—swap partitions and swap files—along with swappiness tuning and the performance benefits they provide.
This guide walks through installing InfluxDB and Grafana on CentOS, configuring InfluxDB for Flink metrics storage, creating databases and retention policies, integrating the Flink InfluxDB reporter, and building Grafana dashboards to visualize real‑time Flink job metrics.
This guide explains how to view and modify the Bash prompt using the PS1 variable, add time stamps, apply ANSI color codes, and make the changes permanent by editing .bashrc or global configuration files, with step‑by‑step commands and examples.
This article explains what MySQL binlog is, how to enable row‑based logging, and provides step‑by‑step Linux commands using mysqlbinlog and grep to extract historical SQL statements such as DELETE operations for troubleshooting and debugging purposes.
This tutorial lists twelve practical Ubuntu keyboard shortcuts—from opening the search bar with the Super key to creating custom shortcuts—explaining how each shortcut works and how it can speed up everyday tasks and improve overall workflow efficiency.
This guide walks you through checking current disk usage, adding a new disk, creating an LVM partition, extending the volume group and logical volume, resizing the filesystem, and verifying the expansion on a CentOS 7 system to resolve disk‑space shortages.
This guide walks you through selecting a low‑cost Raspberry Pi Zero W, flashing Raspbian Stretch Lite, configuring SSH and Wi‑Fi, optimizing the system, installing Nginx, and exposing the web service to the internet using ngrok, providing a compact, fully functional mini web server.
This guide explains how to restore mistakenly removed Linux files by first checking if the deleting process still holds the file descriptor using lsof, then copying the open file from /proc, and finally using the extundelete tool when the process has already terminated.
This article explains how Linux organizes a process's address space into text, data, and stack segments, describes virtual memory concepts such as paging, page tables, and page faults, and details the kernel's allocation, deallocation, and memory‑mapping mechanisms including brk, mmap, and the buddy allocator.
This article introduces seven entertaining command‑line games for Linux, ranging from classic rogue‑likes like NetHack and Dwarf Fortress to text‑adventure interpreters, BSD game collections, a survival rogue‑like, the 2048 puzzle, and a multiplayer Snake, all runnable directly in a terminal.
This guide walks through installing and configuring a Ceph distributed storage cluster, covering node preparation, hostname and hosts setup, password‑less SSH, required packages, firewall handling, time sync, ceph‑deploy installation, monitor creation, OSD configuration, pool and RBD creation, verification, and common troubleshooting steps.
This article traces the early emergence of Chinese Linux‑based operating systems, analyzes the reasons for their limited market impact, outlines the recent ecosystem improvements and policy support, and reviews key players, CPU developments, and the unified strategy behind modern domestic OS solutions such as UOS and Kylin.
This guide explains how to use systemctl and journalctl on CentOS 7 to list services that failed to start, check individual service status, interpret error messages, and filter logs for troubleshooting, providing concrete command examples and output analysis.
This tutorial explains why a changing desktop IP can disrupt mouse‑sharing tools and walks you through checking the current network settings, recording the IPv4 address, gateway, mask and DNS, and then configuring a static IP (e.g., 192.168.0.210) in Ubuntu’s Network settings, ending with applying the changes and rebooting.
This comprehensive guide introduces Ansible, covering its core concepts, features, installation, inventory setup, ad‑hoc commands, module usage, playbook creation, handlers, and role-based organization to enable efficient, agent‑less automation across diverse Linux and network environments.
This article explains the concepts of processes, their identifiers, the fork system call, and the differences between orphan and zombie processes, providing code examples, output analysis, and practical ways to handle each situation on Unix‑like systems.
The article explains the semantics of the Linux kill command, why using kill -9 for abrupt termination is risky, how to prefer SIGTERM (kill -15) for graceful shutdowns, shows Java shutdown‑hook usage, and provides a shell script that automates safe process termination.
This article provides a comprehensive guide to gh-ost, the GitHub‑released online MySQL schema migration tool, covering its design principles, three migration modes, download and RPM installation, common command‑line options, interactive socket commands, and a step‑by‑step example of altering a column type while monitoring progress and performing a safe cut‑over.
A real‑world incident showed that a 0% CPU idle rate can mask severe disk IO wait, leading to thread exhaustion in a SpringBoot order service, and the article explains how IO, DMA, Java thread states, and various Linux network IO models interact while offering practical mitigation tactics.
This article introduces SSH, explains its encryption fundamentals, demonstrates basic usage, remote login, various port forwarding techniques, and remote command execution, while also covering common pitfalls and security considerations, providing step‑by‑step examples and practical commands for Linux environments.
This article explains how to enable Linux CGroup support in Hadoop Yarn NodeManager to limit container CPU usage, detailing required configuration properties, hierarchy setup, CPU limit parameters, and a critical kernel version caveat.
This guide outlines key Linux utilities for inspecting binaries during compilation (nm, strings, strip, readelf, objdump, addr2line) and for runtime debugging and profiling (gdb, ldd, strace, ltrace, time, gprof, valgrind, mtrace, oprofile), plus an overview of the proc filesystem and common system logs.
This article explains Linux's zero‑copy techniques—mmap, sendfile, and splice—detailing how they reduce data copies between user and kernel space, improve I/O efficiency, handle edge cases like SIGBUS, and leverage DMA to minimize CPU overhead in server file transfers.
This guide explains Linux redirection fundamentals, covering stdin, stdout, and stderr streams, how to view their device files, and practical examples of redirecting output, input, error messages, and using /dev/null, Here‑doc, and Here‑string to simplify command‑line workflows.
This guide explains how to use the Linux ps and grep commands to identify zombie processes, interpret their status fields, and safely terminate them with kill -HUP, including steps to verify removal and alternative methods using top.
This guide explains how to install the HardInfo utility on Linux, use its graphical interface to view detailed hardware components such as CPU, RAM, motherboard, GPU, storage, network, and run built‑in benchmarks, plus how to generate a comprehensive hardware report.
This article introduces several Linux interprocess communication mechanisms—including pipes, message queues, shared memory, semaphores, signals, and sockets—explaining their principles, advantages, drawbacks, and typical usage scenarios for developers preparing for system‑level programming or interviews.
This article explains why traditional read/write file serving incurs multiple data copies and context switches, then introduces mmap, sendfile, and splice as zero‑copy methods that reduce CPU load, discuss their usage, limitations, and practical pitfalls for high‑performance Linux servers.
This article provides a concise yet comprehensive guide to essential Linux networking tools—including netstat, ss, sar, iftop, and tcpdump—explaining how to monitor connections, analyze traffic, troubleshoot TIME_WAIT and CLOSE_WAIT issues, and tune kernel parameters for high‑concurrency servers.
