Cloud Architecture

Aug 27, 2026 · Backend Development

Reliable Delivery for Billion-Scale LongConn Gateways: Tackling ACK Storms

The article explains why a successful Netty write does not guarantee message delivery, and presents a production‑grade solution for billion‑scale long‑connection gateways that combines application‑level ACKs, timeout‑driven retries, offline compensation, state‑machine design, back‑pressure handling, and observability to prevent ACK storms and retry avalanches.