Supercomputers run exclusively on Linux because its open‑source nature offers unparalleled cost savings, deep customizability, superior scheduling performance, and robust stability and security—advantages that closed‑source systems like Windows and macOS cannot match for massive parallel workloads.
The article explains that Linux dominates the TOP500 supercomputer list because its open‑source nature allows cost‑free licensing, deep kernel customization, extreme flexibility, superior task scheduling, minimal system overhead, and rapid community‑driven security patches, advantages that Windows and macOS cannot match for massive parallel workloads.
While Linux dominates the open‑source OS conversation, nine historic and emerging systems—including Plan 9, Haiku, Minix, HelenOS, AROS, ReactOS, FreeDOS, GNU Hurd, and the BSD family—offer unique architectures, legacy influences, and modern breakthroughs that showcase the true diversity of open‑source operating systems.
The article explains that Linux and Unix dominate OS education because their open‑source code, clean design philosophy, low‑cost hands‑on tooling, and alignment with industry demand make them ideal for teaching core operating‑system concepts, whereas Windows’s closed source and user‑focused design hinder deep technical exploration.
Sun Microsystems once built the most powerful workstations, pioneered Solaris and Java, and attracted top engineers, but a series of strategic missteps, market shifts toward Linux and Intel, and the dot‑com bust led to its rapid decline and eventual acquisition by Oracle.
This guide compiles essential Linux learning sites—from official documentation and interactive tutorials to community forums and hands‑on challenge platforms—helping beginners and professionals choose reliable resources and avoid low‑quality, outdated content.
This article explains the role of the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) in Linux virtual‑memory translation, covering basic address concepts, page‑table mechanics, TLB operation, flush and synchronization strategies, hardware vs software management, Linux kernel APIs, and a practical C benchmark comparing sequential and random memory accesses.
This article examines why the decades‑old Linux and UNIX operating systems remain indispensable despite rapid tech trends, explores talent shortages and competitive threats, and argues that mastering core OS concepts is still crucial for future developers.
This article explains the role of the Memory Management Unit (MMU) and paging in modern operating systems, covering hardware structure, address translation, permission checks, page tables, TLB behavior, virtual memory mechanisms, and practical Linux kernel code examples for memory protection, sharing, and performance optimization.
The article walks through the evolution of CPU scheduling from a naïve first‑come‑first‑served queue to priority‑based schemes, explains starvation and time‑slice problems, and shows how tracking each task's actual runtime leads to the Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) with virtual runtime accounting.
The article walks through the evolution of CPU scheduling—from naïve first‑come‑first‑served queues to priority‑based, time‑slice, and finally the Completely Fair Scheduler—illustrating each approach with code, highlighting pitfalls like starvation, and showing how tracking virtual runtime yields fair and responsive task execution.
The article explains why modern CPUs, even single‑core ones, can run multiple threads by using short time slices, hyper‑threading hardware, and context‑switch mechanisms, and it discusses the costs, Linux monitoring tools, scheduling strategies, and practical ways to reduce switching overhead.
A software engineer recounts how forced Windows updates drove him to replace his PC with Linux, then examines statistical desktop adoption, government migrations, gaming improvements, developer preferences, and supercomputer dominance to explain why Windows is losing users while Linux gains momentum.
The Linux kernel began in 1991 as a 21‑year‑old student's hobby, progressed through early releases like 0.01, 0.02, 0.11 and 0.12, gained a collaborative community, added critical features such as disk paging and job control, and today powers servers, cloud infrastructure, supercomputers, embedded devices and Android.
This article explains what POSIX is, its history, the organizations behind it, how it shaped Linux's success, and why understanding system calls versus library functions is essential for writing portable software across Unix‑like operating systems.
FreeBSD’s foundation announced two major build system upgrades—eliminating the need for root privileges and fully supporting reproducible builds—allowing developers and CI servers to safely generate system, VM, and cloud images in unprivileged environments, reducing attack surface and enhancing supply‑chain trust.
The weekly roundup highlights Huawei's HarmonyOS 6 launch, Tencent's SpecExit algorithm for faster LLM inference, OpenAI's AI‑powered Atlas browser, DeepSeek's OCR‑based long‑context compression, Quwen's new closed‑source model in Kuaike, Google's quantum‑echo breakthrough, Apple’s AI market push, and several notable hardware and platform updates.
This article surveys prominent multikernel operating systems—including Barrelfish, fos, Popcorn Linux, Twin‑Linux, IHK/McKernel, mOS, and RainForest—detailing their design principles, implementation approaches, performance results, and the evolution of research over the past decade.
ByteDance’s Parker proposal describes a partition‑aware Linux kernel that lets several independent kernel instances run concurrently on one physical server without traditional virtualization, improving scalability for high‑core‑count systems while allowing per‑kernel performance tuning.
Amid growing friction in Linux kernel development, three innovative Rust‑based microkernel projects—Managarm, Asterinas, and Xous—offer compelling alternatives, each showcasing unique architectures, cross‑platform support, and novel security models that could shape the future of operating systems beyond traditional Linux.
This article explores the hardware foundations of memory management, detailing the role of the Memory Management Unit, page tables, caching mechanisms like TLB, and strategies such as paging, segmentation, and large‑page optimization that together enable efficient virtual‑to‑physical address translation and protect process memory.
This week’s tech roundup covers ByteDance’s Trae 2.0 AI programming assistant, Alibaba’s Qwen3‑Coder model, Tesla’s robot‑served diner, Tsinghua’s medical AI evaluation framework, a new cognition‑driven robot navigation system, vivo’s open‑source Rust OS kernel, Tencent’s CodeBuddy IDE, and Alibaba’s upcoming AI glasses.
The article recounts Ding Lei's 1997 discovery of Hotmail, his decision to build an email service on FreeBSD instead of Linux, explains the Unix ecosystem of the era, contrasts BSD and Linux community cultures, and shows how FreeBSD remains vital in modern infrastructure despite Linux's dominance.
From Ding Lei’s 1997 decision to build an email system on FreeBSD to the OS’s rise and eventual eclipse by Linux, this article chronicles the historical, technical, and community factors that shaped the fortunes of FreeBSD and its lasting impact on modern platforms.
From Ding Lei’s 1997 discovery of Hotmail to NetEase’s decision to build its email platform on FreeBSD, this article chronicles the rise of FreeBSD in the late 1990s, its competition with Linux, and why the once‑dominant BSD system eventually ceded ground to Linux and other platforms.
The article recounts a 1960s IBM system engineer’s struggle with process scheduling, tracing the evolution from simple First‑Come‑First‑Served queues through cooperative multitasking with a yield() call, to timer‑driven preemptive round‑robin and priority‑based algorithms, highlighting each method’s strengths and pitfalls.
The article traces the evolution of memory management in 1960s mainframes, explaining fixed partitioning, its inefficiencies, the shift to dynamic partitioning, the problem of fragmentation, and how overlay techniques paved the way for modern virtual memory.
This article explains the hardware basis of NUMA, how Linux reads ACPI SRAT and SLIT tables to discover CPU‑memory topology, the kernel functions that initialize NUMA structures, and how the memblock allocator incorporates this information to enable performance‑optimizing tools like numactl.
From early 1970s Bell Labs' breakthrough of process isolation to the invention of in‑memory pipes, named pipes, and structured message queues, this article traces the evolution of inter‑process communication, highlighting design motivations, code structures, advantages, limitations, and the performance challenges that drove each innovation.
CPU scheduling, a core component of operating systems, determines how processes share CPU resources, and this article explains preemptive vs non‑preemptive scheduling, key evaluation metrics, classic algorithms such as FCFS, SJF, RR, priority, multilevel queues, and guidance on selecting suitable algorithms for various system scenarios.
The article traces the development of operating‑system process scheduling—from the naïve first‑come‑first‑served approach, through cooperative multitasking with a yield() system call, to timer‑driven preemptive round‑robin and priority schemes—highlighting each method’s strengths and shortcomings.
The article explains how 1960s batch systems suffered from CPU waste due to polling I/O devices, how IBM 704’s overflow flag inspired automatic error handling, and how the concept evolved into hardware interrupts with a concrete design, interrupt types, and vector table implementation.
Early computers used fixed‑size partitions that wasted space, then dynamic partitions that improved utilization but caused fragmentation, and finally overlay techniques that let programs exceed physical RAM by swapping modules, each step exposing limitations that ultimately drove the creation of virtual memory systems.
This article recounts the origin of the Unix epoch, explains why a single integer counting seconds from 1 January 1970 was adopted, outlines its advantages, and discusses the 32‑bit Y2K38 limitation and the shift to 64‑bit timestamps.
The article explains how early batch-processing systems relied on inefficient polling of slow I/O devices, describes the inspiration from IBM 704's overflow flag, and details the invention and implementation of hardware and software interrupts, including interrupt types, vector tables, and handler functions, to enable efficient CPU‑device interaction.
This article explains how the Linux kernel detects physical memory during boot by leveraging the E820 mechanism, where firmware reports memory ranges via interrupt 15H, enabling the kernel to map usable memory addresses for subsequent allocation.
The author, with over two decades of development experience, argues that many learners treat Linux kernel code as a rote exercise instead of mapping real‑world scheduling problems to code, and outlines essential questions about task_struct management, scheduling policies, CPU placement, fairness, and universal scheduler design.
Most operating systems are written in C because its simple, portable syntax, minimal runtime, and direct memory and hardware access let developers write bare‑metal kernels that manage resources efficiently, making C the preferred high‑level language for system programming despite other languages being better for applications.
This article explains why C remains the dominant language for operating system development, highlighting its simplicity, portability, lack of runtime dependencies, direct hardware control, and the transparency it offers programmers when working close to the metal.
This article combines a look at Tencent Cloud Zhiy developer salaries and interview insights with in‑depth explanations of OS memory allocation, process vs thread vs coroutine, DNS resolution, MySQL indexing and locking, Redis speed factors, Kafka’s high throughput design, and Docker’s container architecture, plus resource links.
This article explains the distinction between preemptive and non‑preemptive scheduling and provides a concise overview of common process scheduling algorithms—including FCFS, SJF, HRRN, Round‑Robin, priority and multilevel feedback queue—highlighting their principles, advantages, and drawbacks.
This article explains the fundamentals of input/output (IO) in operating systems, covering the basic IO concept, the role of the OS, the two‑phase IO call process, and detailed descriptions of blocking, non‑blocking, multiplexed (select, poll, epoll), signal‑driven and asynchronous IO models with example code.
This article explains the fundamentals of input/output (IO) in operating systems, covering the basic IO concept, the role of the OS, the two-stage IO process, and various IO models such as blocking, non‑blocking, select/poll/epoll, signal‑driven and asynchronous approaches.
The article details Tencent’s updated 15‑month compensation packages for 2025 backend roles, outlines a one‑hour interview covering OS process/thread concepts, sorting algorithms, MySQL storage engines and indexing, Redis data structures, Java collections, and compares RocketMQ with Kafka for reliable messaging.
In the early 1990s Linus Torvalds announced a free, Minix‑inspired monolithic kernel for i386 machines, sparking a heated debate with Minix creator Andrew Tanenbaum who championed microkernels, yet despite Tanenbaum’s criticism the monolithic design persisted and rapidly evolved into today’s dominant Linux operating system.
Fuzz testing, originating in the 1990s, employs random and malformed inputs to stress software, and this article explores its application to operating system kernels, detailing design of input generation, mutation strategies, execution monitoring, and iteration techniques across tools like AFL, Syzkaller, kAFL, and UnicornFuzz.
The article recounts Stefano Marinelli’s EuroBSDcon 2024 talk about a ten‑year‑old FreeBSD server that runs flawlessly, explores BSD’s licensing advantages, contrasts its predictable stability with Linux’s frequent updates, and argues that such reliability makes BSD an attractive choice for long‑term server deployments.
When a computer powers on, the CPU first runs firmware stored in ROM (BIOS or UEFI) that performs hardware checks, locates the boot device, loads the 512‑byte MBR containing a first‑stage bootloader, which then loads a more capable second‑stage loader that finally loads the operating system kernel into memory, after which the OS completes its own initialization and begins handling user programs.
This article traces the origins and evolution of CentOS, explains the shift to CentOS Stream, outlines the end‑of‑life schedule for CentOS Linux 7 and 8, and evaluates a range of alternative Linux distributions and domestic operating systems for enterprises seeking a replacement.
This article compiles a series of technical interview questions and answers covering C++ and Go language differences, thread communication methods on Linux and Windows, stack versus heap memory, orphan processes, read‑write locks, Go goroutine concurrency, TCP three‑way handshake, and a sample SQL query for gender‑based grouping.
This article compiles over a thousand common C/C++ interview questions spanning language fundamentals, data structures, algorithms, system programming, networking, databases, design patterns, RPC, and audio‑video development, providing a thorough study guide for backend and systems engineers.
This article introduces six relatively obscure yet powerful Linux distributions—Slackware, Arch Linux, Manjaro, openSUSE, Gentoo, and Deepin—detailing their origins, design philosophies, and main features such as stability, manual configuration, rolling updates, package management, and user‑friendly interfaces.
The article explores how Nordic programmers like Linus Torvalds, Andreas Kling, and Ville Turjanmaa have built full operating systems—from Linux to SerenityOS and the assembly‑only MenuetOS—highlighting their motivations, technical achievements, performance gains, and the cultural environment that fuels such ambitious open‑source projects.
This article explains the fragmentation problems of the Linux slab allocator, introduces the zsmalloc memory allocator and its requirements, surveys mainstream kernel memory‑compression techniques such as zSwap, zRAM and zCache, and details related allocators like Zbud and Z3fold with example source code.
The article examines Linux 6.1’s preemption mechanism, explaining latency sources, the three preemption configurations (none, voluntary, full), the TIF_NEED_RESCHED flag and preempt_count tracking, and how preempt_enable/disable affect real‑time responsiveness, illustrated by a case where RT threads cannot preempt CFS due to disabled preemption in critical driver code.
This article traces the historical reasons why the letter ‘X’ appears in Unix‑related operating system names, explains how Linus Torvalds adopted the name Linux, and reveals the roles of MINIX, Freax, and early contributors in shaping the modern Linux ecosystem.
This article explains the core concepts of I/O in operating systems, covering blocking I/O, non‑blocking I/O, and I/O multiplexing, their workflows, advantages, disadvantages, and practical analogies to help developers choose the right model for their applications.
After CentOS reaches end‑of‑life, this article reviews several alternative Linux distributions—Debian, Rocky Linux, Oracle Linux, and AlmaLinux—detailing their origins, key features, compatibility, support timelines, and official resources to help you select the right OS for servers or desktops.
This article provides concise explanations and code examples for common interview questions covering C global variable defaults, binary representations, finding top‑k elements, double‑pointer and binary search techniques, OOP concepts in C, differences between C++ class and struct, UDP packet limits, TCP read() return values, memory leaks in infinite loops, and resource cleanup on process exit.
The article surveys the evolution of POSIX abstractions from the 1970s to the present, explains why hardware trends and modern workloads expose limitations of the CPU‑centric model, and argues that a new set of higher‑level interfaces is needed for future systems.
A comprehensive collection of over 100 Linux system and kernel interview questions, covering topics such as distributions, package management, process monitoring, memory management, file systems, system calls, concurrency, C/C++ language features, data structures, algorithms, and practical code examples for developers preparing for technical interviews.
This article traces the evolution of CentOS within the Linux ecosystem, explains the shift to CentOS Stream, outlines the end‑of‑life schedule, and evaluates various replacement distributions—including Rocky Linux, Ubuntu, Oracle Linux, and several Chinese OS projects—providing guidance for different enterprise and development scenarios.
At the 2023 CCF ESTC conference, OPPO showcased its 64 KB dynamic large‑page technology that can increase memory‑access bandwidth up to sixteenfold and improve app startup and frame rates, while also co‑hosting a Linux‑kernel forum on scheduler, lock contention, memory defragmentation and hot‑cold page optimization, underscoring the company’s push for industry‑academic collaboration and future OS research.
This article explains the core concepts, characteristics, and key differences between real‑time operating systems (RTOS) and time‑sharing operating systems (TSOS), illustrating why Linux is fundamentally a time‑sharing system but can be transformed into a real‑time kernel with patches.
The article recounts how Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie invented the Unix epoch as a single integer counting seconds since 1970, explains its advantages, exposes the 32‑bit overflow issue known as the Y2K38 problem, and outlines the transition to 64‑bit timestamps in modern systems.
This article reviews a C++ interview covering object‑oriented programming basics, STL container behaviors, networking protocols, inter‑process communication mechanisms, memory layout, and common interview questions, providing concise explanations and code examples for each topic.
This article recounts how Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie devised the Unix Epoch Time as a simple integer timestamp, explains its advantages, the 32‑bit limitation leading to the Y2K38 issue, and describes the transition to 64‑bit timestamps in modern systems.
This article chronicles the remarkable career of David Cutler, detailing his pivotal roles in creating the VMS operating system for DEC's VAX, leading the development of Windows NT at Microsoft, and later designing the hypervisor that powers Azure, while also revealing his unique personality and work ethic.
This article curates recent developer‑focused updates, covering ChatGPT‑generated Windows keys, Ubuntu 23.10’s upgrade to Linux Kernel 6.3, China’s UOS reaching 5 million installs, BentoML’s OpenLLM 0.1.6 release, 7‑Zip 23.01 enhancements, and the new Tauri 1.4 desktop framework.
This article chronicles the historical development of Microsoft’s operating systems—from acquiring Unix and creating Xenix, through the partnership with IBM that produced MS‑DOS, the divergent paths of OS/2, Windows, and NT, and the eventual dominance of Windows and its later shift toward cloud computing—highlighting strategic decisions, technical challenges, and market forces that shaped the modern PC ecosystem.
This article explores how core Linux ideas—dual‑boot, multi‑architecture support, interchangeable shells, WSL‑like environments, legal battles, distro rivalries, the Unix desktop era, and open‑source philosophy—originated long before Linux, tracing their roots back to early Unix and even earlier computing projects.
This article recounts how Linus Torvalds, inspired by the teaching OS Minix, created Linux as a monolithic kernel, detailing the technical debates, community dynamics, and key conditions that turned Linux into the dominant open‑source operating system we know today.
This article chronicles Linus Torvalds' early OS experiments, the transition from Minix to Linux, the microkernel versus monolithic debate, and the key technical, community, and market forces that propelled Linux to become the dominant open‑source operating system.
The article explains the role of a Memory Management Unit (MMU) in translating virtual to physical addresses, managing page tables, providing memory protection and sharing, and why modern operating systems like Linux rely on it while some embedded systems can operate without one.
This article traces the evolution of data storage and computing—from 1725’s punched paper tape and Jacquard looms through Turing’s theoretical breakthroughs, early computers, the rise of operating systems, virtualization, cloud services, and modern AI—highlighting how each milestone laid the groundwork for today’s digital world.
This article compiles a comprehensive overview of the programming languages and technologies underlying major operating systems, graphical interfaces, desktop search tools, office suites, databases, web browsers, email clients, IDEs, virtual machines, ERP systems, business intelligence, graphics software, search engines, websites, games, 3D engines, server software, and other applications.
Virtual memory abstracts physical memory, providing each process with a private, contiguous address space, while the CPU, MMU, page tables, TLB, and paging mechanisms collaborate to translate virtual addresses, manage page faults, and optimize performance through locality, multi‑level tables, and memory‑mapped files.
The 2022 Stack Overflow Developer Survey reveals Linux surpassed macOS as the most used desktop operating system, with 40.23% of respondents favoring Linux for personal use and 39.89% for work, highlighting a significant shift driven by open‑source growth, cloud adoption, and improved hardware compatibility.
The 2022 Stack Overflow Developer Survey reveals that Linux surpassed macOS as the preferred operating system for both personal and professional use among developers, driven by open‑source appeal, cloud growth, and improved desktop experiences, while Windows remains the overall leader.
This article outlines the fundamental differences between Unix and Linux, covering shell defaults, option styles, make utilities, compiler conventions, GNU versus Linux distinctions, and the trademarked UNIX term, helping developers write portable scripts and build systems across various Unix-like platforms.
Our operations team faced alarming memory usage over 90% on several load‑balancer nodes, traced the surge to a dentry leak in curl‑7.19.7’s NSS library, and resolved it by disabling the probing script, clearing caches, and setting the NSS_SDB_USE_CACHE environment variable, while also reviewing Linux memory management concepts such as paging, NUMA, and slab allocation.
The article examines Linux’s Completely Fair Scheduler in Android, detailing weight‑based fairness, nice‑value mapping, group scheduling via CONFIG_FAIR_GROUP_SCHED, and the resulting challenges where vruntime compensation and priority adjustments become ineffective, leading to uneven time‑slice allocation among critical and background threads.
This article chronicles the development of operating systems from the early Z1 computer without an OS to modern platforms like Linux, Android, iOS, and Chrome OS, highlighting key milestones, innovations, and the impact on computing over the past decades.
This article outlines the fundamental differences between Linux and Unix, covering topics such as the non‑standard Bash shell, the absence of long‑option support in Unix, variations in Make and C compilers, the distinction between GNU and Linux, and the trademarked UNIX name, providing a concise guide for developers navigating these operating systems.
China announced a plan to replace Windows with Linux on over 50 million PCs, echoing Germany’s earlier shift, aiming to eliminate foreign operating systems, reduce licensing costs, and boost domestic tech, while prompting mixed reactions from hardware manufacturers and software vendors.
Alibaba Open Source Week 2022, held online from August 22‑24, offers a main forum and five specialized forums—Operating Systems, Databases, Cloud Native, Big Data & AI, and Terminal—featuring over 30 technical presentations by more than 40 global experts on open‑source ecosystem development, emerging technologies, and real‑world applications.
Ken Thompson, the Turing‑award‑winning computer pioneer, co‑created UNIX, contributed to the Multics project, helped develop the C language, and later co‑designed Go at Google, with a life story that blends groundbreaking OS design, hacker culture, and a passion for aviation.
Microsoft engineer Stephen Hemminger proposes removing the long‑obsolete DECnet code from the Linux kernel, a move that follows the recent OpenVMS 9.2 release and reflects the broader trend of phasing out legacy network protocols like IPX/SPX and AppleTalk in favor of modern TCP/IP.
After Microsoft halted sales and blocked Windows downloads in Russia, piracy surged and Russian government bodies began rapidly shifting to Linux, especially Astra Linux, signing billion‑ruble contracts while facing the complex challenges of migrating embedded, software‑controlled systems.
This article reviews virtual memory concepts and explains five page replacement algorithms—Optimal (OPT), First‑In‑First‑Out (FIFO), Least Recently Used (LRU), CLOCK (including a simple and improved version), and Least Frequently Used (LFU)—detailing their principles, operation, advantages, drawbacks, and illustrative examples.
This article explains the fundamentals of Translation Lookaside Buffers (TLB), their relationship with MMU and multi‑level page tables, how alias and ambiguity issues arise in multi‑process environments, and practical techniques such as ASID and global mapping to minimize costly TLB flushes.
This guide shows how to set up an Ubuntu 16.04 virtual machine on Windows, install QEMU, fetch a modernized Linux 0.11 source tree, and use VSCode Remote‑SSH together with GDB to debug the historic kernel without rebuilding outdated toolchains.
This article explores memory management concepts from both operating system and MySQL perspectives, covering virtual vs physical memory, process memory usage analysis using tools like top and /proc, and experimental verification of memory allocation behaviors.
This article explains how modern operating systems use virtual memory, memory management units, and multi‑level page tables to isolate processes, improve efficiency, and handle limited physical RAM, covering basic concepts, paging schemes, address translation, and swapping mechanisms.
The 2021 Linux roundup covers Richard Stallman's surprising return, Arch Linux's new installer script, Microsoft Edge arriving on Linux, the rise of CentOS alternatives, the Steam Deck's Linux‑based OS, Epic's Easy‑Anti‑Cheat Linux support, GNOME 40's redesign, kernel 5.15 native NTFS support, Linux turning 30, Linus Tech Tips' 30‑day Linux challenge, Asahi Linux's progress on Apple M1, and the impact of Windows 11 on Linux adoption.
This article explains how Linux implements traditional system‑call I/O using read() and write(), details the data‑copy and context‑switch overhead of read and write operations, describes network and disk I/O, and introduces high‑performance techniques such as zero‑copy, multiplexing, and page‑cache optimizations.
This article surveys the programming languages and technology stacks behind a wide range of operating systems, user interfaces, desktop search tools, office suites, databases, browsers, servers, and other software, highlighting the prevalence of C, C++, Java, and other languages across the industry.
A concise roundup of the most impactful Linux events of 2021, covering Richard Stallman's comeback, Arch Linux's new installer script, Microsoft Edge's stable Linux release, CentOS alternatives, Steam Deck's Linux base, anti‑cheat support, GNOME 40, native NTFS driver, Linux's 30th anniversary, Linus Tech Tips' desktop experiment, Apple M1 Linux progress, and the implications of Windows 11.
This article explains how CPUs receive interrupt numbers through hardware, exceptions, or the INT instruction, describes the structure and purpose of the Interrupt Descriptor Table, and details the stack operations and control‑flow steps the processor performs to handle and return from an interrupt.
This article offers a concise, chronological overview of the past hundred years of computing, highlighting key milestones from the ENIAC and early pioneers to the rise of semiconductors, mainframes, personal computers, and the early development of Linux, while also sharing intriguing historical trivia.
