This article explains the fundamentals of physical networking layers, introduces cloud networking concepts such as VPC, overlay and underlay, and discusses how high‑performance technologies like RDMA and ACCL are evolving to support AI large‑model training in modern cloud environments.
This article examines twisted‑pair Ethernet (10Base‑T and 100Base‑TX) using a mixed‑signal oscilloscope to decode Manchester, 4B5B, MLT‑3 and NRZ‑I encodings, demonstrates practical packet capture with ping tests, and compares hardware‑captured signals to software‑derived data, bridging the software‑hardware analysis gap.
This article traces the historical development of Ethernet—from its 1973 inception and early 2.94 Mbps implementations through successive IEEE standards such as 10 Mbps DIX, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 10 GbE, and 100 GbE—detailing the physical media, cabling types, connector standards, and auto‑negotiation mechanisms that have shaped modern networking.
This article traces the evolution of Ethernet from its 1973 inception through successive IEEE standards, explains the various copper and fiber media types, describes cabling categories and wiring schemes, and outlines auto‑negotiation and optical module technologies used in modern networking.
