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219 articles
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StarRocks
StarRocks
Apr 16, 2026 · Databases

Why Traditional Databases Stall AI Agents—and How StarRocks Overcomes the Bottleneck

Traditional databases were built for low‑frequency, human‑driven queries, but AI agents generate dozens of concurrent, sub‑second queries that expose architectural limits, and StarRocks addresses these challenges with self‑healing optimization, real‑time data pipelines, extreme concurrency handling, and seamless lakehouse access.

Database ConcurrencyLakehouseReal-time analytics
0 likes · 13 min read
Why Traditional Databases Stall AI Agents—and How StarRocks Overcomes the Bottleneck
vivo Internet Technology
vivo Internet Technology
Mar 25, 2026 · Industry Insights

How Vivo Scaled Marketing Automation with Presto, Bitmap, and StarRocks

This case study details how Vivo’s marketing automation platform evolved its data‑driven architecture—from a Presto‑based wide‑table design, through a Bitmap optimization, to a StarRocks migration—addressing performance bottlenecks, reducing resource costs, and enhancing data security.

Big DataBitmapData Architecture
0 likes · 11 min read
How Vivo Scaled Marketing Automation with Presto, Bitmap, and StarRocks
StarRocks
StarRocks
Mar 11, 2026 · Databases

How StarRocks Supercharges Real‑Time Ad Funnel Monitoring and Creative Optimization

This article dissects the full advertising funnel, explains why CTR and eCPM are critical, and demonstrates how StarRocks combined with Flink can deliver minute‑level real‑time monitoring, material selection, anomaly alerts, A/B testing, and a successful migration from Druid for massive ad‑tech workloads.

AdvertisingMaterialized ViewsReal-time analytics
0 likes · 20 min read
How StarRocks Supercharges Real‑Time Ad Funnel Monitoring and Creative Optimization
StarRocks
StarRocks
Mar 5, 2026 · Big Data

How Fanatics Scaled to PB‑Level Data with StarRocks & Apache Iceberg Lakehouse

Fanatics unified its fragmented data stack by building a StarRocks‑powered Lakehouse on Apache Iceberg, replacing Redshift, Snowflake, Athena, and Druid, which cut costs by up to 95%, delivered sub‑second dashboard queries on petabyte‑scale data, and enabled real‑time and historical analytics on a single platform.

Apache IcebergData ArchitectureFanatics
0 likes · 10 min read
How Fanatics Scaled to PB‑Level Data with StarRocks & Apache Iceberg Lakehouse
StarRocks
StarRocks
Feb 11, 2026 · Big Data

How StarRocks and Apache Paimon Build a True Lakehouse Native Engine

This article details the deep integration of StarRocks with Apache Paimon, describing the unified architecture, version evolution, performance enhancements, time‑travel queries, native readers/writers, distributed planning, and future roadmap for achieving lakehouse‑native analytics at scale.

Apache PaimonData LakeLakehouse
0 likes · 10 min read
How StarRocks and Apache Paimon Build a True Lakehouse Native Engine
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Feb 4, 2026 · Big Data

How Paimon + StarRocks Power Real‑Time OLAP for Double‑11 Mega‑Sales

During Double‑11 mega‑sales, Taobao Group faced exploding OLAP query traffic, costly data sync pipelines, and slow near‑real‑time analytics, so they unified real‑time and batch data in Paimon, leveraged StarRocks for high‑performance lake queries, tuned cluster settings, and saved nearly ten‑million yuan annually while cutting refresh latency by 80%.

Big DataData LakeOLAP
0 likes · 22 min read
How Paimon + StarRocks Power Real‑Time OLAP for Double‑11 Mega‑Sales
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Feb 2, 2026 · Big Data

How We Built a Scalable Lakehouse Architecture with StarRocks, Paimon, and Flink

This article details the evolution of a data warehouse at RenliJia from a MaxCompute‑centric setup to a modern lakehouse using StarRocks, Paimon, Flink, and Fluss, describing design goals, technical evaluations, implementation steps for offline, OLAP, and real‑time workloads, and the challenges and future plans that emerged.

Big DataFlinkLakehouse
0 likes · 25 min read
How We Built a Scalable Lakehouse Architecture with StarRocks, Paimon, and Flink
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jan 22, 2026 · Big Data

How Paimon + StarRocks Accelerates Double‑11 OLAP Queries by 80% Refresh Speed

This article explains how Taotian Group unified real‑time and offline data using Paimon as lake storage and StarRocks for high‑performance OLAP, eliminating costly sync pipelines, cutting refresh time by about 80%, saving nearly ten million yuan annually, and detailing the architecture, cluster safeguards, configuration tweaks, monitoring, and future roadmap for large‑scale promotional events.

Big DataData ArchitectureOLAP
0 likes · 24 min read
How Paimon + StarRocks Accelerates Double‑11 OLAP Queries by 80% Refresh Speed
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Jan 8, 2026 · Big Data

How Gaode Maps Built a Real‑Time Lakehouse for Billion‑Scale Trajectory Data

This article details Gaode Maps' end‑to‑end lakehouse solution for massive, high‑frequency trajectory data, covering the challenges of real‑time visibility, query performance, and storage cost, and explaining how a hot‑warm‑cold tiering architecture built on Apache Flink, Paimon, StarRocks, Redis and Lindorm delivers millisecond‑level queries while cutting storage expenses.

Apache FlinkApache PaimonData Tiering
0 likes · 19 min read
How Gaode Maps Built a Real‑Time Lakehouse for Billion‑Scale Trajectory Data
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jan 7, 2026 · Big Data

How Gaode Maps Built a Real‑Time Lakehouse for Billion‑Scale Trajectory Data

This article details Gaode Maps' end‑to‑end lakehouse solution for handling high‑frequency, high‑volume trajectory data, covering the challenges of real‑time visibility, multi‑scenario queries, storage cost, and data silos, and describing the layered storage architecture, performance validation, and future expansion plans.

Apache FlinkData TieringLakehouse
0 likes · 21 min read
How Gaode Maps Built a Real‑Time Lakehouse for Billion‑Scale Trajectory Data
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Dec 30, 2025 · Big Data

How StarRocks and Apache Paimon Unite to Build a True Lakehouse Native Engine

StarRocks and Apache Paimon have been progressively integrated across multiple releases, enabling a unified lakehouse architecture that supports multi-source federated analysis, time-travel queries, native readers/writers, distributed planning, and advanced profiling, while delivering performance gains that bring Paimon query speed on par with native StarRocks tables.

Apache PaimonData IntegrationLakehouse
0 likes · 9 min read
How StarRocks and Apache Paimon Unite to Build a True Lakehouse Native Engine
StarRocks
StarRocks
Dec 25, 2025 · Big Data

How dbt, DataOps, and StarRocks Combine to Accelerate Real‑Time Data Modeling

This article explains how dbt drives automated data modeling and governance, how DataOps practices bring agility and control to data projects, and how StarRocks’ lakehouse architecture enables real‑time and batch analytics, illustrated with concrete workflows, version‑control conventions, and enterprise case studies.

Data GovernanceDataOpsELT
0 likes · 14 min read
How dbt, DataOps, and StarRocks Combine to Accelerate Real‑Time Data Modeling
StarRocks
StarRocks
Dec 18, 2025 · Databases

How Fresha Scaled Real‑Time Analytics with StarRocks: A Deep Dive into Their Hybrid Architecture

Facing Postgres overload and costly Snowflake queries, Fresha rebuilt its analytics platform by introducing StarRocks as a unified SQL entry point, combining federated lakehouse queries with high‑performance internal tables, which reduced homepage query latency to around 200 ms and achieved minute‑level data freshness across real‑time, historical, and search workloads.

Compute-Storage SeparationHybrid ArchitectureLakehouse
0 likes · 20 min read
How Fresha Scaled Real‑Time Analytics with StarRocks: A Deep Dive into Their Hybrid Architecture
StarRocks
StarRocks
Dec 11, 2025 · Databases

How StarRocks Redesigns Bulk Import to Cut Small Files and Boost Throughput

This article explains how StarRocks mitigates the hidden risks of massive one‑time data imports in a storage‑compute separated architecture by redesigning the write path to spill to local disk, merge centrally, and write to object storage, resulting in fewer small files, higher write throughput, and more stable query performance.

Bulk ImportS3StarRocks
0 likes · 12 min read
How StarRocks Redesigns Bulk Import to Cut Small Files and Boost Throughput
Ctrip Technology
Ctrip Technology
Nov 27, 2025 · Big Data

How Ctrip Cut Query Latency by 85% with StarRocks’ Compute‑Storage Separation

Ctrip migrated its massive User Behavior Tracking system from ClickHouse to a compute‑storage separated StarRocks cluster on Kubernetes, achieving millisecond‑level query latency, halving storage usage, reducing node count, and sustaining millions‑of‑rows‑per‑second write throughput while simplifying scaling and operations.

Big DataCompute-Storage SeparationData Migration
0 likes · 15 min read
How Ctrip Cut Query Latency by 85% with StarRocks’ Compute‑Storage Separation
StarRocks
StarRocks
Nov 18, 2025 · Databases

StarRocks Beats ClickHouse, Snowflake, and Databricks in Coffee‑Shop Benchmark – Up to 10× Faster and Cheaper

A reproducible evaluation of StarRocks using the open‑source Coffee‑shop Benchmark shows that across 500 M, 1 B and 5 B row scales, StarRocks completes 17 complex join and aggregation queries 2–10× faster and with significantly lower cost than ClickHouse, Snowflake and Databricks, demonstrating superior performance and cost efficiency for analytical workloads.

Coffee-shop BenchmarkDatabase PerformanceJOIN optimization
0 likes · 11 min read
StarRocks Beats ClickHouse, Snowflake, and Databricks in Coffee‑Shop Benchmark – Up to 10× Faster and Cheaper
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Nov 15, 2025 · Big Data

From a Decade-Long Big Data Journey to a Cloud‑Native Lakehouse

This article chronicles a ten‑year evolution of a self‑built big data platform—detailing early Hadoop clusters, successive migrations to Spark, Hive, Hudi, and StarRocks, the operational challenges encountered, and the comprehensive shift to Alibaba Cloud EMR Serverless that delivered significant cost, performance, and stability gains while outlining future intelligent‑ecosystem plans.

Big DataData LakeSpark
0 likes · 17 min read
From a Decade-Long Big Data Journey to a Cloud‑Native Lakehouse
StarRocks
StarRocks
Oct 28, 2025 · Databases

How Cisco Migrated from Pinot to StarRocks and Boosted Query Performance by Up to 70%

This article details Cisco Webex's migration from a complex Pinot‑Trino OLAP stack to StarRocks, covering the challenges of the legacy system, the step‑by‑step migration process—including storage, compute, and SQL dialect transformation—and the resulting performance gains, cost reductions, and operational improvements.

Big DataOLAPPinot
0 likes · 23 min read
How Cisco Migrated from Pinot to StarRocks and Boosted Query Performance by Up to 70%
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Oct 18, 2025 · Big Data

Alibaba Cloud EMR’s AI Evolution: Accelerating Big Data Performance

Since its 2016 launch, Alibaba Cloud EMR has transformed from a basic open‑source Hadoop service into a high‑performance, AI‑enabled big‑data platform, delivering optimized I/O, vectorized processing, and integrated AI functions such as natural‑language SQL, StarRocks and Spark enhancements, while supporting diverse industry workloads.

EMRSparkStarRocks
0 likes · 9 min read
Alibaba Cloud EMR’s AI Evolution: Accelerating Big Data Performance
StarRocks
StarRocks
Oct 14, 2025 · Big Data

How Ctrip Scaled UBT Analytics by Migrating from ClickHouse to StarRocks

Ctrip's User Behavior Tracking (UBT) system, handling 30 TB of daily data, moved from ClickHouse to StarRocks' compute‑storage separated architecture, cutting average query latency from 1.4 seconds to 203 ms, halving storage, reducing nodes from 50 to 40, and boosting write throughput to 3 million rows per second.

Big DataData MigrationFlink
0 likes · 15 min read
How Ctrip Scaled UBT Analytics by Migrating from ClickHouse to StarRocks
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Sep 15, 2025 · Big Data

How a FinTech Firm Boosted Real‑Time Decision Making with StarRocks Data Warehouse

This case study details how Shuhe Technology, a leading fintech company, overcame data redundancy, low resource utilization, and slow reporting by adopting Alibaba Cloud EMR Serverless StarRocks for a unified, real‑time data warehouse, achieving standardized data pipelines, cost savings, and minute‑level decision latency.

Big DataFinTechStarRocks
0 likes · 8 min read
How a FinTech Firm Boosted Real‑Time Decision Making with StarRocks Data Warehouse
StarRocks
StarRocks
Sep 9, 2025 · Big Data

From Hadoop to StarRocks: Revamping a Government Procurement Data Platform

Facing massive data volumes, complex component dependencies, high TCO, and real‑time processing limits, the政采云 platform replaced its Hadoop stack with StarRocks’ minimalist, decoupled architecture, achieving lower costs, elastic scaling, faster queries, easier operations, and robust fault tolerance across diverse government procurement workloads.

Cloud NativeCost OptimizationHadoop migration
0 likes · 16 min read
From Hadoop to StarRocks: Revamping a Government Procurement Data Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Sep 5, 2025 · Big Data

How StarRocks + Paimon Powered Real‑Time Analytics for Alibaba’s Taobao Flash Sale

Facing minute‑level decision demands and billions of marketing events during Taobao's Flash Sale, the Ele.me data team built a real‑time lakehouse with StarRocks and Paimon, leveraging asynchronous materialized views, RoaringBitmap de‑duplication, and resource isolation to achieve sub‑second query latency, lower storage costs, and stable high‑concurrency.

LakehouseMaterialized ViewsPaimon
0 likes · 25 min read
How StarRocks + Paimon Powered Real‑Time Analytics for Alibaba’s Taobao Flash Sale
StarRocks
StarRocks
Sep 2, 2025 · Big Data

How StarRocks + Paimon Powered Real‑Time Analytics for Alibaba’s Flash Sale

Faced with billions of marketing events and minute‑level decision requirements during Taobao's flash‑sale campaign, the e‑commerce data team built a real‑time lakehouse using StarRocks and Paimon, leveraged asynchronous materialized views and RoaringBitmap deduplication, and achieved sub‑second query latency, massive cost savings, and stable high‑concurrency performance.

Big DataLakehouseMaterialized Views
0 likes · 26 min read
How StarRocks + Paimon Powered Real‑Time Analytics for Alibaba’s Flash Sale
Big Data Technology Tribe
Big Data Technology Tribe
Aug 22, 2025 · Backend Development

How StarRocks Keeps Metadata Consistent Across FE Nodes

This article explains the roles of StarRocks FE and BE nodes, details the metadata stored in FE, describes the leader‑follower‑observer architecture, and shows how BDB JE replication, journal logs, and checkpoint mechanisms ensure metadata synchronization and durability even after node failures.

BDB JEDistributed SystemsReplication
0 likes · 17 min read
How StarRocks Keeps Metadata Consistent Across FE Nodes
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Aug 21, 2025 · Big Data

How Hypergryph Built a High‑Performance Real‑Time Analytics Platform with StarRocks

This case study details how Hypergryph leveraged Alibaba Cloud EMR Serverless StarRocks, Flink, and Kafka to replace a ClickHouse data warehouse with a high‑performance, elastic, and easy‑to‑operate real‑time analytics platform that dramatically improved query speed, stability, operational efficiency, and cost for their gaming business.

FlinkKafkaStarRocks
0 likes · 8 min read
How Hypergryph Built a High‑Performance Real‑Time Analytics Platform with StarRocks
StarRocks
StarRocks
Aug 19, 2025 · Big Data

How Joydata Scaled to 150 Billion Daily Events with StarRocks: A Data Architecture Journey

Facing daily data growth from millions to 150 billion records, Joydata‑U transformed its analytics platform through three architectural stages—Hadoop, Hadoop + Trino, and finally StarRocks—introducing resource isolation, Flat JSON acceleration, and Bitmap indexing to cut query latency by up to seven times and achieve sub‑2‑minute data freshness across BI, ad‑tech, game analytics, and CRM workloads.

Bitmap IndexData ArchitectureFlat JSON
0 likes · 12 min read
How Joydata Scaled to 150 Billion Daily Events with StarRocks: A Data Architecture Journey
Big Data Technology Tribe
Big Data Technology Tribe
Aug 15, 2025 · Backend Development

How StarRocks TabletChecker Guarantees Tablet Health and Scheduling

The article explains the purpose, configuration, and core implementation of StarRocks' TabletChecker component, detailing how it periodically scans OlapTable tablets, evaluates their health through multiple checks, and hands unhealthy tablets to the TabletScheduler for repair.

StarRocksTabletCheckerbackend scheduling
0 likes · 16 min read
How StarRocks TabletChecker Guarantees Tablet Health and Scheduling
StarRocks
StarRocks
Aug 6, 2025 · Databases

How Qunar Migrated to StarRocks: Architecture, Performance Gains & Best Practices

This article details Qunar's transition to StarRocks as a unified OLAP engine, covering the business background, engine evaluation, architecture redesign, observability, high‑availability strategies, query‑performance optimizations, real‑world application cases, community contributions, and future plans.

Data PlatformOLAPStarRocks
0 likes · 21 min read
How Qunar Migrated to StarRocks: Architecture, Performance Gains & Best Practices
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jul 23, 2025 · Big Data

How StarRocks Powers Intelligent BI with AI‑Native Lakehouse Architecture

This article explores the evolution of business intelligence toward intelligent BI, detailing traditional BI limitations, agile BI improvements, and how StarRocks' MPP lakehouse engine combined with large language models enables natural‑language analytics, real‑time performance, AI‑driven insights, and scalable enterprise deployments.

AI integrationIntelligent BILakehouse
0 likes · 19 min read
How StarRocks Powers Intelligent BI with AI‑Native Lakehouse Architecture
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jul 16, 2025 · Cloud Native

Build a Decoupled Storage‑Compute Data Platform with StarRocks and MinIO

This step‑by‑step tutorial shows how to deploy StarRocks and MinIO in a decoupled storage‑compute architecture using Docker Compose and Kubernetes, configure local caching, create storage volumes, load public datasets, and run SQL queries to explore the combined data.

Data LakehouseDecoupled StorageDocker Compose
0 likes · 14 min read
Build a Decoupled Storage‑Compute Data Platform with StarRocks and MinIO
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jul 9, 2025 · Big Data

How Shopee Built a Near‑Real‑Time Data Warehouse with Paimon and StarRocks

Shopee combined the Paimon data lake with StarRocks and Flink to create a quasi‑real‑time warehouse, enabling fast task diagnostics and a high‑performance financial reconciliation system while dramatically reducing storage costs and latency through innovative ODS, snapshot, and branch table techniques.

FlinkPaimonStarRocks
0 likes · 13 min read
How Shopee Built a Near‑Real‑Time Data Warehouse with Paimon and StarRocks
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jul 1, 2025 · Big Data

How StarRocks Boosted Suixingfu’s Real‑Time Data Platform: 3× Faster Queries & 10× Faster Analytics

Suixingfu rebuilt its payment data pipeline by replacing a fragmented Lambda stack with a unified Porter CDC + StarRocks + Elasticsearch architecture, achieving three‑fold query speed, ten‑fold analytics efficiency, 20% storage reduction, and sub‑second data‑capture latency across high‑concurrency, ad‑hoc, and batch workloads.

CDCFlinkReal-time analytics
0 likes · 14 min read
How StarRocks Boosted Suixingfu’s Real‑Time Data Platform: 3× Faster Queries & 10× Faster Analytics
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jun 26, 2025 · Databases

What’s New in StarRocks 3.5? Snapshot Backup, Bulk Load, Partition & Transaction Enhancements

StarRocks 3.5 introduces a cluster‑level Snapshot backup for fast recovery, a bulk‑load optimization that reduces small files and compaction cost, smarter partition management with time‑based merging and TTL, multi‑statement transactions with full ACID guarantees, low‑cardinality dictionary support for lake tables, and several security and performance upgrades.

ACID TransactionsData LakeLow Cardinality Dictionary
0 likes · 17 min read
What’s New in StarRocks 3.5? Snapshot Backup, Bulk Load, Partition & Transaction Enhancements
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jun 17, 2025 · Databases

How to Ace the StarRocks SRCA Certification: Key Topics and Study Strategies

This guide outlines the StarRocks SRCA certification exam, highlights essential study resources, breaks down the core topics such as architecture, data import/export, SQL optimization and performance tuning, and offers practical tips, mock‑exam details, and personal experience to help candidates succeed.

Database CertificationExam PreparationSQL Optimization
0 likes · 9 min read
How to Ace the StarRocks SRCA Certification: Key Topics and Study Strategies
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
May 21, 2025 · Big Data

How Alibaba’s A+ Traffic Analysis Achieved Sub‑Second Log Queries with StarRocks & Paimon

This article details how Alibaba's A+ traffic analysis platform tackled trillion‑row log ingestion and high‑concurrency queries by redesigning storage with Paimon, leveraging Flink for real‑time ingestion, and using StarRocks for fast lake analytics, ultimately reducing query latency from minutes to seconds.

FlinkLog AnalyticsPaimon
0 likes · 15 min read
How Alibaba’s A+ Traffic Analysis Achieved Sub‑Second Log Queries with StarRocks & Paimon
StarRocks
StarRocks
May 13, 2025 · Artificial Intelligence

How StarRocks MCP Server Enables LLMs to Query Databases Without Custom Plugins

StarRocks MCP Server provides a universal adapter that lets large language models like Claude, OpenAI, and Gemini execute SQL queries directly against StarRocks, simplifying data Q&A, intelligent analysis, and automated reporting by eliminating the need for bespoke plugins or complex prompt engineering.

AI agentsData AnalyticsLLM
0 likes · 14 min read
How StarRocks MCP Server Enables LLMs to Query Databases Without Custom Plugins
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Apr 27, 2025 · Big Data

Scaling Property Services: StarRocks‑Powered Storage‑Compute Separation for 8000+ Communities

Facing a flood of data from over 8,000 communities, the Bifeng service team migrated from a monolithic storage‑compute architecture to a StarRocks‑based storage‑compute separation solution, achieving lower costs, higher resource utilization, faster queries, and improved SLA across their property management platform.

Big DataInfrastructure MigrationOLAP
0 likes · 11 min read
Scaling Property Services: StarRocks‑Powered Storage‑Compute Separation for 8000+ Communities
StarRocks
StarRocks
Apr 24, 2025 · Databases

Inside StarRocks Optimizer: Architecture, Multi‑Stage Optimization, and Advanced Features

This article provides a comprehensive technical overview of StarRocks' query optimizer, covering its evolution, core architecture, multi‑stage optimization pipeline, key optimizations such as multi‑join colocate, low‑cardinality global dictionary, MV union rewrite, and advanced mechanisms like cost‑estimation fixes, query feedback, adaptive execution, runtime filters, join‑reorder strategies, and SQL plan management.

Adaptive ExecutionMaterialized ViewsOLAP
0 likes · 26 min read
Inside StarRocks Optimizer: Architecture, Multi‑Stage Optimization, and Advanced Features
Big Data Technology & Architecture
Big Data Technology & Architecture
Apr 22, 2025 · Artificial Intelligence

Introduction to Retrieval‑Augmented Generation (RAG) and Vector Indexing with StarRocks and DeepSeek

This article explains the fundamentals of Retrieval‑Augmented Generation, demonstrates how to create and query vector indexes using StarRocks, shows how DeepSeek provides embeddings and answer generation, and walks through a complete end‑to‑end RAG pipeline with code examples and a web UI.

AIDeepSeekEmbedding
0 likes · 20 min read
Introduction to Retrieval‑Augmented Generation (RAG) and Vector Indexing with StarRocks and DeepSeek
StarRocks
StarRocks
Mar 27, 2025 · Databases

How JD Logistics Boosted Query Speed and Cut Costs with StarRocks Storage‑Compute Separation

JD Logistics transformed its one‑stop self‑service analytics platform, UData, by migrating from an integrated storage‑compute architecture to a storage‑compute separated design powered by StarRocks, achieving sub‑10‑second P95/P99 query latency, reducing storage costs by 90%, and cutting compute expenses around 30% while supporting massive data volumes.

Cost reductionData PlatformKubernetes
0 likes · 20 min read
How JD Logistics Boosted Query Speed and Cut Costs with StarRocks Storage‑Compute Separation
vivo Internet Technology
vivo Internet Technology
Mar 26, 2025 · Big Data

Reading Encrypted ORC Files in StarRocks: Architecture and Implementation Details

The article details how StarRocks extends the Apache ORC C++ library to decrypt column‑level encrypted ORC files, describing the file hierarchy, AES‑128‑CTR key handling, the query‑time master‑key retrieval, a decorator‑based decryption/decompression pipeline, and the block‑skip‑read mechanism that enables efficient predicate push‑down.

Big DataFile FormatORC
0 likes · 19 min read
Reading Encrypted ORC Files in StarRocks: Architecture and Implementation Details
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Mar 20, 2025 · Big Data

How to Read and Write StarRocks Data with EMR Serverless Spark

This step‑by‑step guide explains how to use EMR Serverless Spark together with the StarRocks Spark Connector to create a workspace, upload the connector JAR, configure network connections, create databases and tables in StarRocks, and perform read/write operations via SQL sessions, Notebook sessions, or batch Spark jobs, complete with code examples and UI screenshots.

Big DataData IntegrationSpark
0 likes · 14 min read
How to Read and Write StarRocks Data with EMR Serverless Spark
StarRocks
StarRocks
Feb 27, 2025 · Big Data

How iQIYI Boosted Ad Query Performance 400% with StarRocks – A Deep Dive into OLAP Evolution

This article details iQIYI's transition from Impala+Kudu and ClickHouse to StarRocks, describing the OLAP architecture, performance gains of up to 400% in advertising workloads, the technical challenges of data consistency, lake‑warehouse fusion, operational scaling, and the step‑by‑step migration process using a dual‑run platform.

FlinkOLAPStarRocks
0 likes · 15 min read
How iQIYI Boosted Ad Query Performance 400% with StarRocks – A Deep Dive into OLAP Evolution
Xiaohongshu Tech REDtech
Xiaohongshu Tech REDtech
Feb 20, 2025 · Big Data

How Xiaohongshu Accelerated Data Warehouse Queries with Logical Datasets & Materialized Views

Xiaohongshu tackled low reuse of APP tables, limited scalability of single-table BI datasets, and poor dashboard query performance by introducing logical datasets and materialized views, which enable query pruning, reduce data redundancy, and accelerate BI queries, achieving up to 80% latency reduction and higher hit rates.

BIBig DataStarRocks
0 likes · 25 min read
How Xiaohongshu Accelerated Data Warehouse Queries with Logical Datasets & Materialized Views
StarRocks
StarRocks
Feb 20, 2025 · Big Data

How RedBI Boosted Query Speed 3× with StarRocks & Iceberg Lakehouse

The article details how Xiaohongshu's RedBI self‑service analytics platform transformed its architecture by integrating StarRocks and Iceberg, replacing ClickHouse‑based storage with Parquet, introducing DataCache, Z‑Order sorting and intelligent key selection, achieving a three‑fold P90 query speed improvement, sub‑10‑second latency, and halving storage consumption.

DataCacheIcebergLakehouse
0 likes · 19 min read
How RedBI Boosted Query Speed 3× with StarRocks & Iceberg Lakehouse
StarRocks
StarRocks
Feb 11, 2025 · Databases

How StarRocks Supercharges Vector Search: 7× Faster Queries and 1/3 Cost

This article explains the principles and practical implementation of vector retrieval in StarRocks, covering approximate nearest‑neighbor algorithms, index design, query planning, performance optimizations, real‑world case studies, and future challenges, showing how query latency dropped from 15 seconds to 2 seconds while cutting costs to a third.

ANNHNSWIVFPQ
0 likes · 25 min read
How StarRocks Supercharges Vector Search: 7× Faster Queries and 1/3 Cost
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jan 14, 2025 · Databases

How 58.com Achieved 20× Faster Real‑Time Queries by Migrating to StarRocks

58.com integrated the StarRocks analytical engine into its data‑exploration platform, replacing Spark/Hive, to overcome minute‑level latency, and after a year of migration achieved over 20× query speedup, 98%+ success rate, and solved numerous Spark‑StarRocks compatibility issues while also moving the service to the cloud.

Big DataSQL accelerationSpark compatibility
0 likes · 17 min read
How 58.com Achieved 20× Faster Real‑Time Queries by Migrating to StarRocks
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jan 2, 2025 · Big Data

StarRocks Compute‑Storage Separation Cuts Costs 40% and Boosts Efficiency 20% at DMALL

DMALL upgraded its big‑data platform by adopting StarRocks 3.x with compute‑storage separation, lakehouse external tables, and Kubernetes deployment, achieving 20% higher compute utilization, 40% lower storage cost, faster cluster provisioning, and notable improvements in development and operations efficiency.

Big DataCompute-Storage SeparationKubernetes
0 likes · 25 min read
StarRocks Compute‑Storage Separation Cuts Costs 40% and Boosts Efficiency 20% at DMALL
Alibaba Cloud Developer
Alibaba Cloud Developer
Dec 25, 2024 · Big Data

Build a Low‑Cost, High‑Performance Game Player Profiling Platform with Alibaba Cloud EMR StarRocks

This tutorial walks you through using Alibaba Cloud EMR Serverless StarRocks and Apache Paimon to create a cost‑effective, high‑performance game player profiling and behavior analysis platform, covering data import, materialized view creation, DWD/ADS layer construction, and lakehouse integration.

Alibaba CloudData LakeGame Analytics
0 likes · 12 min read
Build a Low‑Cost, High‑Performance Game Player Profiling Platform with Alibaba Cloud EMR StarRocks
58 Tech
58 Tech
Dec 19, 2024 · Big Data

Architecture Evolution and Implementation of the Intelligent Acceleration Engine in the 58 Big Data Platform

The article details the background, architectural analysis, multi‑tenant redesign, engine selection enhancements, compatibility adaptations, stability fixes, containerized deployment, performance optimizations, and measurable business outcomes of the Intelligent Acceleration Engine upgrade using Apache Kyuubi and StarRocks within the 58 big data platform.

Apache KyuubiBig DataData Architecture
0 likes · 12 min read
Architecture Evolution and Implementation of the Intelligent Acceleration Engine in the 58 Big Data Platform
58 Tech
58 Tech
Dec 18, 2024 · Big Data

Architecture Evolution and Capability Building of the Smart Acceleration Engine in the 58 Big Data Platform

The article details the background, architectural challenges, and comprehensive redesign of the Smart Acceleration Engine—including multi‑tenant support, cross‑datacenter scheduling, enriched engine selection, parsing and forwarding enhancements, compatibility adaptations, stability fixes, containerized deployment, and performance gains—demonstrating significant operational improvements and future directions for the platform.

Apache KyuubiBig DataSmart Acceleration Engine
0 likes · 14 min read
Architecture Evolution and Capability Building of the Smart Acceleration Engine in the 58 Big Data Platform
StarRocks
StarRocks
Dec 2, 2024 · Big Data

How Paimon Revamps Lakehouse Management and Supercharges Queries with StarRocks

This article details Tongcheng Travel's migration from Hive/Kudu/Hudi to Paimon for lakehouse integration, highlighting a 30% resource reduction, three‑fold write speed gains, significant query acceleration via StarRocks, the end‑to‑end architecture across ODS‑DWD‑DWS‑ADS layers, and future roadmap plans.

Big DataFlinkLakehouse
0 likes · 18 min read
How Paimon Revamps Lakehouse Management and Supercharges Queries with StarRocks
Open Source Tech Hub
Open Source Tech Hub
Nov 16, 2024 · Databases

Build Real‑Time Analytics with StarRocks: Quickstart Tutorial and Sample Queries

This guide introduces StarRocks, a high‑performance MPP database, explains its architecture and typical use cases, walks through a Docker‑based quickstart, shows how to create databases and tables, load NYC crash and weather datasets via Stream Load, and demonstrates analytical SQL queries that reveal traffic‑accident patterns under different weather conditions.

DockerMPP databaseReal-time analytics
0 likes · 18 min read
Build Real‑Time Analytics with StarRocks: Quickstart Tutorial and Sample Queries
Big Data Technology & Architecture
Big Data Technology & Architecture
Nov 1, 2024 · Big Data

Real‑Time Lakehouse Architecture at Ximalaya Live: Leveraging Flink, Paimon, and StarRocks

This article details Ximalaya Live's transition from an offline‑centric data warehouse to a real‑time lakehouse using Flink, Paimon, and StarRocks, covering business background, architectural challenges, technology evaluation, implementation steps, encountered issues, performance gains, and future expansion plans.

FlinkLakehousePaimon
0 likes · 12 min read
Real‑Time Lakehouse Architecture at Ximalaya Live: Leveraging Flink, Paimon, and StarRocks
Shopee Tech Team
Shopee Tech Team
Oct 25, 2024 · Big Data

StarRocks at Shopee: Practical Use Cases and Performance Analysis

Shopee’s deployment of StarRocks across DataService, DataGo, and DataStudio demonstrates that its vectorized engine, cost‑based optimizer, and materialized‑view caching can query Hive, Iceberg, Delta Lake and Hudi up to 20,000× faster than Presto, cutting CPU usage and delivering consistently lower latency for complex analytics.

Data LakeMPPPresto
0 likes · 11 min read
StarRocks at Shopee: Practical Use Cases and Performance Analysis
StarRocks
StarRocks
Oct 16, 2024 · Big Data

How to Build a High‑Performance Lakehouse with StarRocks and Apache Hive

This guide walks through the core concepts of Apache Hive, its architecture and key features, then shows how to integrate Hive with StarRocks via the Hive Catalog, construct ODS/DWD/DWS/ADS tables, enable DataCache, use materialized views, and handle automatic partition detection for fast lakehouse analytics.

Apache HiveBig DataDataCache
0 likes · 17 min read
How to Build a High‑Performance Lakehouse with StarRocks and Apache Hive
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Sep 13, 2024 · Big Data

How Qimao Scales 20PB Data with StarRocks, Flink, and Real‑Time Analytics

Qimao, a Shanghai‑based cultural entertainment internet firm, details its 20 PB big‑data architecture built on StarRocks, Flink, Hive, and Redis, covering data ingestion, real‑time processing, audience selection, metric anomaly drill‑down, 730‑day aggregation, and future plans for metric acceleration and full‑link data governance.

Big DataData GovernanceFlink
0 likes · 13 min read
How Qimao Scales 20PB Data with StarRocks, Flink, and Real‑Time Analytics
StarRocks
StarRocks
Sep 5, 2024 · Big Data

Accelerate Lakehouse Queries: A Hands‑On Guide to StarRocks + Apache Iceberg

This tutorial walks you through the fundamentals of Apache Iceberg, its architecture and key features, explains why it’s advantageous for lakehouse workloads, and provides a step‑by‑step Docker‑Compose setup to integrate Iceberg with StarRocks for fast, ACID‑compliant analytics on real‑world taxi data.

Apache IcebergDockerLakehouse
0 likes · 15 min read
Accelerate Lakehouse Queries: A Hands‑On Guide to StarRocks + Apache Iceberg
StarRocks
StarRocks
Aug 30, 2024 · Databases

How Cloud‑Native Persistent Index Boosts StarRocks Performance 10× in Elastic Scheduling

StarRocks 3.3.1 introduces a cloud‑native persistent index that moves index files to object storage, eliminates local‑disk constraints, and supports elastic scaling, delivering up to ten‑fold latency improvement over local‑disk indexes in elastic scheduling while matching performance in batch and real‑time imports.

Cloud NativeStarRocksdatabase
0 likes · 11 min read
How Cloud‑Native Persistent Index Boosts StarRocks Performance 10× in Elastic Scheduling
StarRocks
StarRocks
Aug 14, 2024 · Big Data

Mastering StarRocks & Apache Paimon: A Fast‑Track Lakehouse Guide

This guide provides a comprehensive overview of Apache Paimon’s architecture, key features, and advantages, explains how to integrate it with StarRocks for real‑time lakehouse analytics, and walks through a complete quick‑start setup including component installation, Flink and Kafka deployment, data ingestion, table creation, and query execution with time‑travel support.

Apache PaimonFlinkKafka
0 likes · 18 min read
Mastering StarRocks & Apache Paimon: A Fast‑Track Lakehouse Guide
StarRocks
StarRocks
Aug 9, 2024 · Big Data

How Pinterest Cut Query Latency by 50% with StarRocks Migration

Pinterest migrated its Partner Insights analytics from Druid to StarRocks, achieving a 50% reduction in p90 latency, a six‑fold cost‑performance improvement, and simplified data ingestion, illustrating the benefits of a modern MPP database for real‑time ad analytics.

AnalyticsMPPPinterest
0 likes · 6 min read
How Pinterest Cut Query Latency by 50% with StarRocks Migration
Wukong Talks Architecture
Wukong Talks Architecture
Aug 6, 2024 · Databases

Migrating Tencent Music's Data Infrastructure from ClickHouse and Druid to StarRocks: Strategy, Implementation, and Best Practices

This article details how Tencent Music’s data‑infrastructure team migrated thousands of ClickHouse and Druid nodes to a StarRocks compute‑storage‑separated lakehouse, achieving 40‑50% cost reduction while maintaining query performance, and shares the technical challenges, solutions, and best‑practice recommendations gathered during the process.

Cost reductionData MigrationDruid
0 likes · 19 min read
Migrating Tencent Music's Data Infrastructure from ClickHouse and Druid to StarRocks: Strategy, Implementation, and Best Practices
StarRocks
StarRocks
Aug 1, 2024 · Big Data

How Kingsoft Office Boosted Query Speed 2.3× with StarRocks 3.0

Kingsoft Office migrated its reporting platform from a multi‑engine stack to StarRocks 3.0, achieving a 48.84% performance gain, halving query latency, reducing operational costs, and improving resource utilization while supporting storage‑compute separation and seamless Trino SQL compatibility.

Big DataStarRocksStorage-Compute Separation
0 likes · 14 min read
How Kingsoft Office Boosted Query Speed 2.3× with StarRocks 3.0
Wukong Talks Architecture
Wukong Talks Architecture
Jul 23, 2024 · Databases

An Overview of StarRocks: Architecture, Features, and Performance Benchmarks

StarRocks, an open‑source, high‑performance MPP analytical database under the Linux Foundation, offers vectorized engines, CBO optimizer, materialized views, and storage‑compute separation, integrates with BI tools and data lakes, and demonstrates superior query speed in benchmark tests against ClickHouse, Druid, and Trino.

Analytical DatabaseData LakehouseMPP
0 likes · 10 min read
An Overview of StarRocks: Architecture, Features, and Performance Benchmarks
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Jul 22, 2024 · Databases

Why StarRocks Is Redefining Fast Unified OLAP Analytics

StarRocks combines vectorized execution, a new cost‑based optimizer, materialized views, a real‑time storage engine, pipeline execution, and distributed joins to deliver a unified, high‑performance OLAP solution that supports both traditional and lakehouse analytics while reducing operational complexity.

CBOLakehouseOLAP
0 likes · 14 min read
Why StarRocks Is Redefining Fast Unified OLAP Analytics
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jul 17, 2024 · Databases

Unlock 30% Faster Queries: StarRocks on AWS Graviton3 Performance Deep Dive

This article examines how StarRocks, a next‑generation MPP database, leverages AWS Graviton3 instances to achieve over 30% query speed improvement and 15% cost reduction compared with x86 C6i instances, detailing benchmark methodology, hardware specs, SIMD optimizations, and real‑world OLAP results.

AWS Graviton3MPP databaseStarRocks
0 likes · 11 min read
Unlock 30% Faster Queries: StarRocks on AWS Graviton3 Performance Deep Dive
Sohu Tech Products
Sohu Tech Products
Jul 10, 2024 · Industry Insights

How StarRocks and Apache Paimon Transform Data Lake Analytics and Migration

This article provides a practical deep‑dive into StarRocks and Apache Paimon, covering data‑lake fundamentals, the technical advantages of both platforms, performance gains over traditional engines, step‑by‑step migration strategies, deployment options on Alibaba Cloud EMR, and future roadmap plans.

Apache PaimonData LakeReal-time analytics
0 likes · 15 min read
How StarRocks and Apache Paimon Transform Data Lake Analytics and Migration
DeWu Technology
DeWu Technology
Jul 5, 2024 · Databases

StarRocks 2.5.13 Cross-Cluster Upgrade and Data Migration Practices

The article outlines a cross‑cluster upgrade to StarRocks 2.5.13, evaluating resource and stability costs, and presents two migration schemes—using external tables and a Flink connector—along with planning, parallel execution, validation steps, and results showing successful migration of over 10 TB at 2 Gb/s across ten nodes, while noting future automation and CDC enhancements.

Cluster UpgradeData MigrationExternal Table
0 likes · 15 min read
StarRocks 2.5.13 Cross-Cluster Upgrade and Data Migration Practices
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jul 2, 2024 · Big Data

What’s New in StarRocks 3.3? Deep Dive into Lakehouse‑Optimized Performance and Features

StarRocks 3.3 introduces a comprehensive set of enhancements—including maturity levels, ARM‑optimized performance, advanced caching, materialized‑view rewrites, storage optimizations, and expanded lakehouse ecosystem support—that together boost stability, query speed, and usability for large‑scale analytics workloads.

Big DataLakehouseStarRocks
0 likes · 15 min read
What’s New in StarRocks 3.3? Deep Dive into Lakehouse‑Optimized Performance and Features
DataFunSummit
DataFunSummit
Jul 1, 2024 · Big Data

Optimizing JD Retail Data Architecture: From Lambda to Real‑time Unified Processing with Flink, Hudi, and StarRocks

This article details JD Retail's transition from a complex Lambda architecture to a unified real‑time data pipeline using Flink, Hudi, and StarRocks, addressing data completeness versus latency, reducing maintenance costs, improving storage efficiency, and delivering faster, more consistent analytics for business users.

FlinkHudiJD Retail
0 likes · 13 min read
Optimizing JD Retail Data Architecture: From Lambda to Real‑time Unified Processing with Flink, Hudi, and StarRocks
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jun 18, 2024 · Databases

How StarRocks Compaction Boosts Query Performance: Mechanics, Tuning, and Best Practices

This article explains StarRocks' compaction process that merges multiple data versions into larger files to reduce I/O, details the scheduler and executor roles, shows how to monitor and control compaction via SQL commands, and provides tuning parameters and best‑practice recommendations for optimal performance.

Data ManagementStarRockscompaction
0 likes · 21 min read
How StarRocks Compaction Boosts Query Performance: Mechanics, Tuning, and Best Practices
StarRocks
StarRocks
Jun 6, 2024 · Big Data

Why StarRocks Beats Trino: A Deep Technical Comparison

This article provides a detailed technical comparison between StarRocks and Trino, covering their shared MPP architecture, cost‑based optimizer, pipeline execution, ANSI SQL support, differences in vectorized execution, materialized view capabilities, caching systems, data source connectors, benchmark results, high‑availability designs, join algorithms, and real‑world user case studies.

Big DataCacheMPP
0 likes · 20 min read
Why StarRocks Beats Trino: A Deep Technical Comparison
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Alibaba Cloud Big Data AI Platform
Jun 6, 2024 · Databases

How StarRocks Redefines Lakehouse Architecture with Ultra-Fast Unified Analytics

StarRocks combines extreme query speed and a unified architecture to deliver a lakehouse solution that separates storage and compute, supports multi‑warehouse resource isolation, offers Trino compatibility, materialized‑view acceleration, and cost‑effective scaling, making it suitable for real‑time analytics, data‑lake queries, and traditional OLAP workloads.

Big DataLakehouseReal-time analytics
0 likes · 23 min read
How StarRocks Redefines Lakehouse Architecture with Ultra-Fast Unified Analytics
StarRocks
StarRocks
May 22, 2024 · Big Data

Unlocking Data Lake Power: Iceberg Architecture & StarRocks Acceleration

Apache Iceberg offers a modern, ACID‑compliant table format for data lakes with features like hidden partitions and schema evolution, while StarRocks provides high‑performance query acceleration, metadata caching, and distributed planning to address Iceberg’s latency challenges, enabling seamless lake‑warehouse integration and real‑time analytics.

Apache IcebergData LakeMetadata Caching
0 likes · 19 min read
Unlocking Data Lake Power: Iceberg Architecture & StarRocks Acceleration
StarRocks
StarRocks
May 14, 2024 · Artificial Intelligence

How Tencent Games Boosted AI‑Generated SQL Accuracy to 89% with a Lakehouse Architecture

Tencent Games tackled the low accuracy of AI‑generated SQL in production by combining large language models with a StarRocks lake‑warehouse, introducing a semantic layer, async materialized views, and an agent‑based multi‑intelligence framework, ultimately raising one‑shot SQL correctness to 89% and cutting delivery time from 2 hours to 0.33 hours.

AILLMLakehouse
0 likes · 13 min read
How Tencent Games Boosted AI‑Generated SQL Accuracy to 89% with a Lakehouse Architecture
StarRocks
StarRocks
Apr 25, 2024 · Big Data

How StarRocks Beats Trino: 4.3× Faster Queries on Apache Paimon Lakehouse

This article explains how to build a high‑performance data‑lake analytics stack by combining StarRocks with Apache Paimon, covering direct queries, Data Cache acceleration, and asynchronous materialized views, and presents benchmark results that show StarRocks achieving up to 4.3× faster query speeds than Trino and significant latency reductions with caching and materialized views.

Apache PaimonData CacheData Lake
0 likes · 12 min read
How StarRocks Beats Trino: 4.3× Faster Queries on Apache Paimon Lakehouse
DataFunTalk
DataFunTalk
Apr 20, 2024 · Big Data

Tencent Video Metrics Middle Platform and Lakehouse Integration: Architecture, Governance, and Practices

This article details Tencent Video’s data business, describing the design and implementation of its metrics middle platform and lake‑warehouse integration, covering architecture, governance, consistency, timeliness, usability, cost optimization, and future plans, with insights into technology choices such as Iceberg, StarRocks, and MQL.

Big DataData GovernanceLakehouse
0 likes · 18 min read
Tencent Video Metrics Middle Platform and Lakehouse Integration: Architecture, Governance, and Practices
StarRocks
StarRocks
Apr 18, 2024 · Databases

Master StarRocks Deployment and Optimization: From Capacity Planning to Query Tuning

This comprehensive guide walks you through StarRocks production deployment, covering capacity planning, hardware specs, environment setup, table modeling, partitioning, bucketing, index selection, data import best practices, query optimization, monitoring, and resource‑group configuration, all backed by concrete SQL examples and configuration commands.

DeploymentModelingStarRocks
0 likes · 20 min read
Master StarRocks Deployment and Optimization: From Capacity Planning to Query Tuning
Didi Tech
Didi Tech
Mar 28, 2024 · Big Data

How We Unified Real‑Time and Batch Features with StarRocks in Financial Risk Control

This article analyzes the challenges of building real‑time and batch risk‑control features, compares Lambda and Kappa architectures, evaluates storage‑unified and compute‑unified solutions, and details how StarRocks was selected, validated, and deployed to achieve high‑performance, low‑latency feature serving in a financial context.

Big DataReal-time analyticsStarRocks
0 likes · 19 min read
How We Unified Real‑Time and Batch Features with StarRocks in Financial Risk Control
StarRocks
StarRocks
Mar 26, 2024 · Big Data

How Replacing Spark with StarRocks Cut Data Refresh Time by 90% and Saved 99% Cost

The article details how the Xiaohongshu data warehouse team integrated StarRocks into their offline processing pipeline, replacing Spark for heavy Cube calculations, which reduced job execution from hours to minutes, cut resource consumption by over 90%, advanced daily data output by 1.5 hours, and lowered refresh cost by more than 99%.

Big DataOLAPSpark
0 likes · 18 min read
How Replacing Spark with StarRocks Cut Data Refresh Time by 90% and Saved 99% Cost