Rooted in the "Dao" of architecture, we provide pragmatic, implementation‑focused architecture content.
This article details Didi's 2016 full‑link load‑testing initiative, covering data‑isolation strategies, virtual driver/passenger tooling, trace‑based traffic marking, staged deployment tactics, and the operational insights gained from stress‑testing a massive ride‑hailing platform.
This article explains the fundamentals of distributed tracing, covering the original Dapper concepts, the architecture and data model of Zipkin, sampling strategies, storage mechanisms, and how OpenTracing provides a vendor‑neutral API for integrating tracing into microservice systems.
Drawing from interviews at over thirty tech firms, this article breaks down the three main interview tracks—data structures and algorithms, operating‑system fundamentals, and project experience—while also sharing practical advice on evaluating companies, handling non‑technical questions, and navigating the hiring process.
This article explains how to dramatically improve Elasticsearch throughput by using the bulk API, tuning bulk request sizes, configuring gateway settings, optimizing cluster state updates, managing caches, leveraging fielddata and doc values, and employing tools like Curator and the Profiler for efficient cluster operations.
This article explains the design of a high‑traffic flash‑sale system, covering data isolation, dynamic/static separation, multi‑layer validation, real‑time hotspot discovery, Java concurrency optimizations, and key architectural principles for handling massive concurrent requests efficiently.
This article explains how etcd stores and retrieves multiple revisions of a key using a B‑tree index, details the read and write paths, describes index restoration on startup, and shows how the watch subsystem delivers change events to clients, all illustrated with Go code snippets.
This article explains the inner workings of etcd, covering its Raft consensus implementation, node election and state management, as well as the persistent storage layer built on BoltDB, and includes detailed code excerpts to illustrate each component.
This article explains MySQL's XA distributed transaction mechanism, covering its 2‑phase commit process, the roles of resource and transaction managers, internal vs. external XA, essential SQL syntax, practical code examples, common pitfalls, performance considerations, and reference resources.
This article examines the evolution of tcpcopy’s architecture across three generations, comparing application‑layer and packet‑level request replication, and explains how each design balances testing realism, system impact, and operational complexity for high‑performance traffic replay.
This article explains how network unreliability makes message delivery in distributed systems complex, covering network request outcomes, timeout handling, the three delivery semantics—at‑most‑once, at‑least‑once, exactly‑once—and how protocols like AMQP and MQTT address these challenges.
