Architects' Tech Alliance

Jan 8, 2020 · Fundamentals

Comparison of PAM-4 and NRZ Signaling for 400G Ethernet in Large‑Scale Data Centers

The article explains how hyperscale data‑center operators are transitioning from 100 Gbps NRZ Ethernet to 400 Gbps links using 56 Gbps PAM‑4 signaling, detailing the technical advantages, channel‑impairment challenges, and Synopsys’s silicon‑validated PHY solution.