This article explains TCP basics, why raw TCP communication has boundary issues, how custom protocols like HTTP and RPC are built on TCP, and compares their purposes, performance, and usage scenarios in modern software architecture.
This article explains what ports are, why they are essential for web and other services, how default ports work, the role of ports in inter‑process communication, and how they relate to concepts like naming services and inversion of control.
This guide explains proxy classifications, shows how to configure HTTP, HTTPS, and SOCKS proxies with Linux curl—including authentication options—and provides step‑by‑step examples and test results to evaluate the anonymity level of each proxy type.
This article explains how to use PHP's curl_multi_select() function within the curl_multi library to wait for active cURL transfers, describes its parameters, demonstrates a complete example with multiple handles, and provides best‑practice tips for efficient multi‑request handling.
The article explains the concept of idempotence in computing, illustrates typical duplicate‑request scenarios, and presents three practical backend solutions—unique database indexes, optimistic locking with version control, and a Redis‑based token mechanism—along with their advantages, trade‑offs, and implementation details.
This article explains the purpose, syntax, and usage of the PHP curl_close() function, provides a complete example of initializing, configuring, executing, and closing a cURL request, and outlines the resource‑saving benefits of properly terminating cURL sessions.
This article explains step‑by‑step what occurs when a user types a URL and presses Enter, covering URL parsing, DNS resolution, TCP three‑way handshake and four‑way termination, HTTP request/response formation, and the browser’s rendering process, providing interview‑ready insights into web networking fundamentals.
This article presents ten practical Python examples demonstrating how to create and parse JSON data, perform GET and POST requests, handle parameters, timeouts, cookies, custom headers, file downloads, authentication, and retry mechanisms using the Requests library, enhancing web development and API integration skills.
This article explains the CORS mechanism, the four essential response headers, how preflight requests work, and provides detailed Nginx proxy configurations with multiple real‑world scenarios to eliminate cross‑origin errors when a front‑end site accesses a back‑end service.
This article explains the PHP curl_init() function, covering its syntax, optional URL parameter, return values, and provides a complete example that demonstrates initializing a cURL session, setting options, executing a request, handling errors, closing the session, and processing JSON responses.
Spring Cloud can use either HTTP‑based REST calls, which offer flexible, language‑agnostic JSON communication and simpler implementation, or RPC over TCP, which provides faster, binary‑serialized calls that appear local but require tighter API contracts, so modern microservices usually prefer HTTP for its adaptability and scalability.
This article explores the fundamentals of TCP communication, explains why raw TCP lacks message boundaries, and compares HTTP and RPC protocols—covering their histories, use cases, service discovery, connection handling, serialization, and performance trade‑offs—to answer why both coexist in modern software architectures.
This article explains the classification of HTTP request error codes, details typical 4xx client and 5xx server errors, provides common causes, and offers practical debugging steps and solutions to efficiently identify and resolve front‑end and back‑end issues.
Learn how to conceal your IP using Linux curl by configuring various HTTP and SOCKS proxy types, understanding their anonymity levels, applying appropriate curl parameters—including authentication options—and testing proxy effectiveness with a PHP script that reveals server‑side IP and header information.
This tutorial walks you through installing the Python requests library on Windows and Linux, demonstrates how to perform GET, POST, PUT requests, pass parameters, bypass anti‑scraping measures, and save fetched HTML or images to local files with clear, runnable code examples.
This guide explains the HTTP chunked transfer encoding mechanism, details its format, and provides a complete PHP Workerman server and JavaScript client implementation to stream data chunk‑by‑chunk, including installation steps, code examples, and expected output.
This tutorial walks you through installing libcurl on Ubuntu, writing a simple C program that uses libcurl to perform a GET request, compiling the code with the proper linker flags, and running the executable to display the fetched web page.
This article explains Go’s socket programming model, covering the classic five‑step workflow, the versatile net.Dial function, and practical code examples for ICMP, TCP, and HTTP client operations, helping developers build networked applications efficiently.
The article analyzes why Spring Cloud often prefers HTTP instead of RPC for remote calls, detailing the technical differences, advantages, disadvantages, and selection criteria of each approach, and explains how microservice trends shape this choice.
The article explains why Spring Cloud prefers HTTP over RPC for remote calls, detailing the advantages of embedded Tomcat and JSON over HTTP, the limitations of TCP‑based RPC, and provides a comparative analysis of their architectures, pros, cons, and suitability for microservices.
This guide explains how to create and configure Spring Boot's RestClient, covering instance creation, request building, header and body handling, response retrieval, error processing, the exchange method, and available client request factories for robust synchronous HTTP communication.
This guide walks through diagnosing and fixing typical CORS problems by configuring Nginx as a proxy, explaining the four essential response headers, handling preflight requests, and providing complete server blocks for various error scenarios.
This tutorial explains how to install and start Whistle, configure browser proxy plugins, set up HTTPS certificates, capture mobile traffic, and leverage advanced features such as Weinre console, response/request tampering, CORS handling, JavaScript injection, and domain mapping to improve development efficiency.
This article explains why browsers block cross‑origin requests, details the four CORS response headers, demonstrates common error scenarios, and provides step‑by‑step Nginx configuration examples—including handling pre‑flight OPTIONS requests and header inheritance—to reliably solve CORS problems.
This tutorial demonstrates how to configure a SpringBoot application to repeatedly call a third‑party HTTP API, parse the returned JSON with FastJSON, and process each data item concurrently using a fixed thread pool initialized in a scheduled task.
This article explains why browsers block cross‑origin requests, details the four CORS response headers, demonstrates common error scenarios, and provides a series of Nginx configuration examples—including handling preflight OPTIONS requests, custom headers, and method restrictions—to reliably solve CORS problems during development.
This guide explains how web servers should differentiate between missing authentication information and invalid credentials, detailing when to return 401 Unauthorized or 403 Forbidden, the associated response flows, security best practices, and user‑experience considerations to improve safety and clarity.
The article shows how to fix CORS errors when a front‑end on http://localhost:8080 accesses a back‑end via Nginx by adding proper Access‑Control‑Allow‑* headers for normal and OPTIONS preflight requests, using an always flag correctly, and avoiding common misconfigurations that block cross‑origin calls.
This article reviews common interview questions covering URL request processing, TLS handshake steps, the three‑way TCP handshake and four‑way termination, page‑fault handling, differences between TCP and UDP, HTTP/1.0 vs 1.1, thread‑safety mechanisms in C++, and a hands‑on example of building a thread pool.
This article explains the same‑origin policy, its role in restricting DOM, data, and network access, introduces Cross‑Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) with simple and preflight requests, and outlines how servers should configure headers to safely enable cross‑origin communication.
This article documents a performance benchmark of AngusTester on a single node, demonstrating over 600,000 transactions per second against an Nginx HTTP server, and details the test purpose, environment, configuration, execution steps, and result analysis.
This article explains how Spring Cloud leverages embedded Tomcat to handle HTTP requests for flexible, cross‑platform microservice communication, contrasts it with TCP‑based RPC's handshake and serialization requirements, and outlines the advantages, disadvantages, and future trends of each approach.
This article explains how Spring Cloud leverages HTTP via an embedded Tomcat container for flexible, cross‑platform microservice communication, contrasts it with TCP‑based RPC's serialization requirements, and outlines the advantages, disadvantages, and selection criteria for each approach.
This guide walks through preparing a local frontend and backend, explains the four essential CORS response headers and preflight requests, then presents five common CORS error cases with step‑by‑step Nginx configuration fixes and a complete working example.
This article explains the PHP header() function, covering its syntax, parameter details, and typical scenarios such as page redirection, setting HTTP response headers, status codes, cache control, and file downloads, with clear code examples for each case.
This guide walks through Spring 6’s new capabilities—including Java 17 baseline, Jakarta namespace migration, HTTP interface proxies with @HttpExchange, WebClient integration via JDK HttpClient, internationalized ProblemDetail handling, the RestClient API, and executing asynchronous tasks on virtual threads—all demonstrated with concise code examples.
This article introduces mica-http, a lightweight Fluent‑style HTTP client built on OkHttp, walks through dependency setup, synchronous and asynchronous usage, global logging, custom client and cookie management, presents performance benchmarks, and highlights its automatic resource handling for safe, high‑performance requests.
Spring developers should replace the deprecated RestTemplate with the reactive WebClient, which offers non‑blocking I/O, a fluent functional API, streaming support, richer error handling and configurable timeouts, while still allowing synchronous calls via block(), as demonstrated by practical Spring Boot 3 code examples.
This article explains the same‑origin policy, its role in protecting web applications, how browsers enforce it through DOM, web‑data, and network restrictions, and how Cross‑Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) and preflight requests enable controlled cross‑origin communication while maintaining security.
This article explains the end‑to‑end path that an external HTTP or HTTPS request follows—from the client through DNS resolution, load balancer, ingress controller, service routing, and finally to the target container inside a Kubernetes pod—while also covering optional variations and the underlying network components.
This article compiles common technical interview questions for bank software positions, covering Java fundamentals, MySQL storage engines and indexes, thread‑pool parameters, HTTP GET/POST differences, TCP vs UDP characteristics, session and cookie handling, Redis data types, and C++ memory management, providing concise explanations and examples for each topic.
This guide walks you through installing the lightweight HFS HTTP file server on Ubuntu 22.04, configuring it for both interactive and systemd daemon modes, and exposing a shared directory over the network with step‑by‑step commands and screenshots.
This article introduces the Hutool Java utility library, outlines its core modules, shows how to integrate it via Maven, and provides practical code examples for HTTP requests, random code generation, pinyin conversion, timing, number handling, data masking, email sending, and Bloom filter usage.
The article presents @varlet/axle, a progressive request utility that fully inherits Axios capabilities while adding unified request parameters, extensive configuration, built‑in interceptors, Vue composition‑API integration, and parallel request tools, offering developers a convenient library for handling HTTP calls.
This article outlines ten practical REST API design guidelines—including meaningful resource naming, proper HTTP methods and status codes, versioning, consistent error handling, query parameters, authentication, statelessness, and thorough documentation—to help developers build robust, scalable backend services.
The article examines the reasons behind mandating POST for every API endpoint, compares GET and POST characteristics, discusses RESTful principles, highlights practical pros and cons, and offers guidance on choosing the most suitable HTTP method based on business and technical considerations.
This article introduces multiple Java approaches for sending HTTP GET and POST requests, covering the built‑in HttpURLConnection class, Apache HttpClient, Square's OkHttp, and Spring's RestTemplate, with step‑by‑step explanations and complete code examples for each method.
This article explains why browsers cancel pending requests during navigation, the risks of lost data, and demonstrates reliable solutions using JavaScript—first by awaiting fetch, then leveraging the fetch keepalive option—to guarantee logs reach the server without delaying page loads.
This article explains how to use PHP's built‑in network functions, such as file_get_contents() and cURL, to perform remote HTTP GET and POST requests, includes step‑by‑step code examples, and discusses choosing the appropriate method for data transmission in backend development.
This article explains the concepts of APIs and endpoints, clarifies how they relate, highlights their differences, and provides practical examples to help developers correctly design and use API endpoints in web services.
When Tubi upgraded from Node.js 14 to 20, server‑side requests began returning 404 errors, leading to a deep investigation that uncovered how the Request library and Sentry SDK altered HTTP module arguments, causing the built‑in URL detection to misclassify plain objects as URLs.
The article explains how Cloudflare built Pingora, a Rust‑based, cloud‑native reverse proxy that surpasses NGINX in performance, efficiency, and safety by redesigning the worker model, improving connection reuse, and leveraging multithreading and Tokio, while also offering greater extensibility for future services.
This guide introduces Spring WebClient, a reactive, non‑blocking HTTP client for Spring Boot, compares it with RestTemplate, explains configuration options, demonstrates usage patterns, error handling, memory limits, Reactor Netty customization, request bodies, form data, and filter registration, providing practical code examples throughout.
This article explains how to use Lua scripts for performance testing by providing reusable functions that encapsulate HTTP and HTTPS GET/POST requests, support JSON and FormData payloads, and enable file uploads, complete with full code examples.
The investigation revealed that the Go http.Client was not reusing connections because response bodies were closed before being fully read, causing the underlying connections to be marked dead; fully reading the bodies restored pooling, eliminated DNS‑resolution timeouts and dramatically lowered query‑per‑second spikes.
This article explains why Spring's RestTemplate is deprecated in favor of WebClient, highlighting benefits such as non‑blocking I/O, a functional programming style, streaming support, improved error handling, and how to configure timeouts, with full code examples for synchronous and asynchronous requests.
The article explains that HTTP request parameters can be sent as URL‑encoded query strings for GET requests or as various POST body formats—such as application/json, application/x-www-form-urlencoded, multipart/form-data, or text/xml—each requiring the correct Content‑Type header so the backend can parse the data correctly, with JavaScript utilities like FormData, URLSearchParams, or qs helping developers serialize the payload.
This article provides a concise visual guide to eight popular network protocols—including HTTP, HTTP/3, HTTPS, WebSocket, TCP, UDP, SMTP, and FTP—explaining their core functions, typical use cases, and how they enable reliable data exchange across the Internet.
This article demonstrates how Spring Boot’s connectionTimeout setting influences server‑client connections, using three experiments—controller sleep, HttpURLConnection requests, and raw socket communication—to reveal that the timeout only terminates idle client connections, not the duration of request processing.
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of OkHttp’s source code, explaining its request‑execution flow, layered architecture, interceptor chain design, and demonstrates how to implement custom interceptors for unified request handling in Java and Android projects.
This article explains why RestTemplate is deprecated in Spring 5+, introduces the reactive WebClient as its replacement, outlines its advantages such as non‑blocking I/O and functional style, and provides detailed code examples for creating a client, performing synchronous and asynchronous requests, handling errors, and configuring timeouts.
This guide introduces five essential Linux command-line HTTP clients—cURL, HTTPie, Wget, HTTPie-go, and Wuzz—explaining their key features and providing ready-to-use command examples for GET, POST, file downloads, and interactive requests.
This article explains the OSI seven‑layer network model, compares RPC and HTTP services, describes RPC architecture, synchronous and asynchronous calls, and reviews popular RPC frameworks such as gRPC, Thrift, and Dubbo, helping developers choose the right approach for enterprise back‑end systems.
This article explains the fundamentals of the Same‑Origin Policy, its security implications, and how Cross‑Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) works—including simple requests, preflight requests, and handling credentials—to help developers safely perform cross‑domain HTTP operations in browsers.
This article explains the fundamental differences between RPC and HTTP, covering their historical origins, design principles, serialization formats, protocol layers, network communication mechanisms, and appropriate usage scenarios in micro‑service architectures.
This article explains the key differences and performance trade‑offs among HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2, and HTTP/3, detailing keep‑alive, pipelining, streams, multiplexing, QUIC’s 0‑RTT handshake, connection migration, congestion and flow control, and provides practical guidance on when to adopt each protocol.
This guide explains how to use Spring 6.1's new RestClient for synchronous HTTP calls, covering setup, request building, response handling, data conversion, error processing, and advanced exchange methods with full code examples.
An in‑depth guide walks through TCP basics, why raw TCP lacks message boundaries, how HTTP and RPC build on TCP, and compares their service discovery, connection handling, and serialization, revealing why both protocols coexist in modern client‑server architectures.
This article provides an in-depth overview of PHP's cURL library, detailing its core functions, common options such as CURLOPT_URL and CURLOPT_POST, and practical code examples for GET, POST, custom headers, SSL handling, timeouts, file saving, and proxy usage.
The article examines why certain companies mandate POST for every API, compares GET and POST in terms of security, payload size, caching, and semantics, and discusses the trade‑offs and real‑world implications of such a blanket rule for backend development.
This guide walks you through Spring 6.1's new RestClient, covering project setup, global client creation, data retrieval, posting, deletion, error handling, and advanced exchange methods with clear code examples for modern Java backend development.
This article explains the fundamentals of TCP, why pure TCP communication faces boundary issues, how HTTP and RPC are built on TCP as application‑layer protocols, and compares their architectures, service discovery, serialization, and performance to clarify when each should be used.
This article explains the basic concepts of GET and POST, debunks common interview answers, reveals that both methods are fundamentally TCP connections, discusses browser and server limits, and highlights the practical impact of their packet‑level differences.
This article explains TCP connection basics, the three‑way handshake and four‑way termination, compares short and long connections, discusses keep‑alive mechanisms, and outlines when to use each approach in network and HTTP communication.
This article explains how to use HTTP Range headers for resumable downloads, how to detect server support, the relevant status codes, proper Range syntax, error handling, and provides a complete Spring Boot example that integrates with Ceph storage to serve partial file content.
This article explains how a mobile app’s search query travels across the internet, detailing the roles of DNS resolution, CDN caching, HTTP communication, TCP connections, and load‑balancing mechanisms, and shows how each layer contributes to delivering results to the user.
Although you can obtain a website’s IP address, accessing it directly via HTTPS often fails because the HTTP request’s Host header differs, and servers use this header to verify the intended domain, leading to 403 errors unless the correct Host value is supplied.
This article explains what JSON API is, outlines its key advantages such as compound documents, sparse fieldsets, optional features, pagination and caching, compares it with GraphQL, and illustrates its practical use through a FitBit case study, helping readers decide if it fits their API design needs.
The article explains why visiting a website by its IP address often results in errors, showing that the HTTP Host header differs from domain‑based requests, and demonstrates this with Fiddler and Postman experiments using Baidu as an example.
This article introduces Spring 6.1’s new synchronous RestClient, showing how to perform basic GET and POST requests, convert responses to objects, handle errors with onStatus, and use the advanced exchange method for custom request‑response processing, positioning RestClient as a modern replacement for RestTemplate.
This article explains why accessing a site via its IP address fails, revealing that the HTTP Host header distinguishes domain‑based requests from raw IP requests, and shows how adjusting the Host field restores access.
Webman is a high‑performance PHP HTTP framework built on Workerman that replaces the php‑fpm model, offering minimal core, extreme speed, easy extensibility, and detailed stress‑testing guidance, making it several times faster than traditional PHP stacks and even comparable Go frameworks.
This article walks through the root causes of CORS failures when a front‑end site accesses a back‑end service, explains the four essential CORS response headers, and provides detailed Nginx configurations—including handling preflight OPTIONS requests and adding missing headers—to reliably resolve cross‑origin issues.
This article outlines seven practical applications of PHP’s header() function, including page redirection, content‑type declaration, HTTP status codes, timed redirects, cache control, authentication prompts, and file download handling, providing code examples for each use case.
This article explains why an insecure cross‑origin setup in Nginx violates security standards, demonstrates how to reproduce the vulnerability with custom Origin headers, and provides a complete Nginx configuration using a map directive to whitelist origins, add proper CORS headers, and return 403 for disallowed requests.
This article details the design and implementation of a self‑built automated testing platform for backend services that achieves near‑full test‑case coverage by unifying HTTP/RPC access, introducing a parameter‑pool, leveraging JSON Schema and JSONPath, and automating case generation and promotion.
This article explains the fundamental differences between RPC and HTTP interfaces, their underlying protocols, component architectures, popular frameworks, performance characteristics, and provides guidance on when to use each approach in backend service development.
This article explains the fundamental differences between RPC and HTTP interfaces, describes their underlying client‑server architectures, compares performance, transport protocols, load balancing and service governance, and provides guidance on when to choose each approach in modern backend development.
This article compares RPC and HTTP interfaces, detailing their architectures, popular frameworks, performance characteristics, load‑balancing, and service‑governance features, and provides practical guidance on selecting the right approach for internal high‑performance services or external cross‑platform APIs.
This article explains how Spring Boot 3.0.5 processes errors, registers a default /error page, and returns either HTML or JSON responses based on the Accept header, detailing the underlying servlet and Tomcat mechanisms with code examples.
This article walks through the root causes of CORS errors when a front‑end site on port 8080 calls a back‑end service on port 59200, explains the four essential CORS response headers, demonstrates common error scenarios, and provides complete Nginx configuration snippets—including handling pre‑flight OPTIONS requests, custom headers, and method allowances—to reliably eliminate cross‑origin problems.
This article traces the evolution of the HTTP protocol from its original 0.9 version through HTTP/1.0, 1.1, HTTP/2, and HTTP/3, explaining the underlying design choices, extensions, and performance optimizations that shaped each milestone.
This article explains the fundamentals of HTTP caching, covering the structure of HTTP messages, the two main cache strategies—strong caching and validation caching—the relevant response headers such as Expires, Cache-Control, Last-Modified, and ETag, and provides practical guidelines for effective cache implementation in web development.
This article explains the fundamental differences between RPC and HTTP services, covering OSI model layers, RPC architecture components, synchronous vs asynchronous calls, popular RPC frameworks such as gRPC, Thrift, and Dubbo, and when to choose each approach for enterprise applications.
By dissecting OkHttp’s source, the article explains its layered architecture, the interceptor‑chain implementation of the Chain‑of‑Responsibility pattern, and shows how developers can add custom interceptors—such as authentication headers—to uniformly handle requests, retries, caching, and network I/O in Java and Android.
This article explains the structure of HTTP/1.1 request and response messages, the limitations of TCP such as head‑of‑line blocking, the evolution from SPDY to HTTP/2 with binary framing, multiplexed streams, header compression, server push, ALPN negotiation, and practical Wireshark capture techniques for HTTP/2 traffic.
This article explains the fundamental distinctions between RPC and HTTP services by reviewing the OSI network layers, RPC architecture components, synchronous versus asynchronous calls, popular RPC frameworks such as gRPC, Thrift, and Dubbo, and the typical use cases of each approach.
This article explains the concepts, purposes, and inner workings of TCP keepalive and HTTP keepalive, compares their roles in maintaining network connections, and provides practical guidance on configuring related parameters and handling socket lifecycles in server environments.
This article explains the fundamentals of HTTP GET and POST request methods, detailing their request line, headers, and body structures, illustrating each with real‑world examples and code snippets, and clarifying their safety, idempotence, caching, and practical differences.
This article provides PHP functions that wrap cURL to perform GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, and PATCH HTTP requests, automatically handling JSON encoding of data and decoding responses into associative arrays, with code examples for each request type.
