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Ctrip Technology
Ctrip Technology
Nov 14, 2019 · Operations

Investigation of Intermittent Redis Timeout Issues Caused by a Kernel Scheduling Bug on Skylake Servers

The article details how Ctrip engineers diagnosed sporadic Redis timeouts in containerized deployments, traced the problem to kernel scheduling delays caused by an APIC‑ID bug that inflated the possible‑CPU count, and resolved it by applying a kernel patch, offering verification steps for affected systems.

ContainersLinuxScheduling
0 likes · 11 min read
Investigation of Intermittent Redis Timeout Issues Caused by a Kernel Scheduling Bug on Skylake Servers
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Sep 7, 2019 · Fundamentals

How Linux Manages Memory: From Process Allocation to OOM and Cache

This article explores Linux kernel memory management, detailing process address space allocation, the behavior of the OOM killer, various memory mapping types (shared, private, anonymous), cache usage, manual and automatic memory reclamation, and related kernel parameters, providing practical insights and examples.

CacheMemory ManagementOOM
0 likes · 20 min read
How Linux Manages Memory: From Process Allocation to OOM and Cache
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Aug 19, 2019 · Operations

Understanding Linux Load: Calculation, Tools, and Advanced Monitoring

This article provides a comprehensive, step‑by‑step explanation of how Linux load averages are calculated, how to dissect them with scripts like load2process, and how to use kernel modules and monitoring techniques for precise performance analysis and troubleshooting.

LinuxLoad Averagekernel
0 likes · 22 min read
Understanding Linux Load: Calculation, Tools, and Advanced Monitoring
360 Zhihui Cloud Developer
360 Zhihui Cloud Developer
Jun 18, 2019 · Cloud Native

Why Cgroups v2 Simplifies Container Resource Management

This article explains the background of Linux cgroups, outlines the key differences between v1 and v2—including the unified hierarchy, controller handling, and new control files—and provides practical commands and examples for using cgroups v2 in container environments.

ContainerLinuxcgroups
0 likes · 9 min read
Why Cgroups v2 Simplifies Container Resource Management
58 Tech
58 Tech
May 24, 2019 · Fundamentals

Linux CPU Power Management: P‑states and C‑states in Kernel 2.6 and 4.18

This article explains how Linux kernels 2.6 and 4.18 manage CPU power‑saving P‑states and C‑states, compares energy‑saving and performance modes, and details the underlying idle drivers, BIOS settings, and performance impacts on Intel Xeon E5‑2630 v4 CPUs.

C-statesLinuxP-states
0 likes · 12 min read
Linux CPU Power Management: P‑states and C‑states in Kernel 2.6 and 4.18
ITPUB
ITPUB
Apr 16, 2019 · Fundamentals

What the Linux Kernel Looks Like Inside: A Comic Walkthrough

This article explains a whimsical comic that visualizes the Linux kernel as a multi‑layered house, detailing the foundation of file cabinets, the process table, key system processes like init, cron, Apache and SSH, the role of TTY terminals, and related Linux concepts.

ComicLinuxOperating System
0 likes · 7 min read
What the Linux Kernel Looks Like Inside: A Comic Walkthrough
ITPUB
ITPUB
Mar 10, 2019 · Fundamentals

What’s New in Linux Kernel 5.0? Key Features and Improvements Explained

Linux Kernel 5.0, recently released after seven release candidates, brings modest enhancements such as AMD open‑source GPU driver updates, FreeSync support, a new perceptual scheduler for ARM big.LITTLE power management, Adiantum encryption for low‑power devices, Btrfs swap, UDP GRO, cgroupv2 cpuset, and binderfs for multiple Android instances, alongside numerous driver additions and bug fixes.

5.0LinuxOperating System
0 likes · 3 min read
What’s New in Linux Kernel 5.0? Key Features and Improvements Explained
21CTO
21CTO
Mar 6, 2019 · Fundamentals

The Untold Story of Linus Torvalds: From 386 PC to Linux’s Global Domination

Linus Torvalds, born in Helsinki in 1969, created the Linux kernel in 1991 after experimenting with MINIX and writing his own disk driver, championing free software principles that now power billions of devices—from servers to Android phones—while his controversial personality sparked intense community debates.

Free SoftwareLinus TorvaldsLinux
0 likes · 7 min read
The Untold Story of Linus Torvalds: From 386 PC to Linux’s Global Domination
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Feb 28, 2019 · Operations

What Is Linux loadavg? Understanding Run Queues and Kernel Calculation

This article explains the Linux load average metric, the run queue structure, why both running (R) and uninterruptible (D) processes are counted, and how the kernel uses an exponential weighted moving average to compute the 1‑, 5‑, and 15‑minute load values.

LinuxLoad Averagekernel
0 likes · 8 min read
What Is Linux loadavg? Understanding Run Queues and Kernel Calculation
21CTO
21CTO
Dec 25, 2018 · Fundamentals

What’s New in Linux Kernel 4.20? Key Features and Highlights

Linux Kernel 4.20, the largest release in over a year, arrived just before Christmas, bringing major updates such as BPF network parsing, new hardware support, C‑SKY architecture, pressure‑stall detection, XArray data structures, and early NVIDIA HDMI 2.0 driver support.

4.20BPFHardware Support
0 likes · 3 min read
What’s New in Linux Kernel 4.20? Key Features and Highlights
Liangxu Linux
Liangxu Linux
Dec 24, 2018 · Fundamentals

How to Master Linux Application Development: Practical Learning Path and Resources

This guide shares a self‑taught developer’s experience on transitioning to Linux application development, covering essential command learning, the distinction from operations, a clear definition of Linux app development, and a step‑by‑step roadmap for mastering bootloader, kernel, driver, and root‑filesystem development.

Application DevelopmentDevice DriversLearning Path
0 likes · 7 min read
How to Master Linux Application Development: Practical Learning Path and Resources
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Dec 13, 2018 · Operations

How to Hook Kernel Functions Safely on Modern Linux Systems

This article explains why traditional function‑hooking tricks fail on modern Linux due to executable‑memory protections, and presents a step‑by‑step method using page‑table remapping and the kernel's text_poke utilities to replace kernel functions safely, complete with code examples and a diagram.

Kernel Modulefunction hookingkernel
0 likes · 10 min read
How to Hook Kernel Functions Safely on Modern Linux Systems
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Oct 14, 2018 · Fundamentals

Understanding Linux: Kernel, Memory, Processes, and File Systems Explained

This article provides a comprehensive overview of Linux fundamentals, covering the kernel architecture, virtual memory management, process scheduling and inter‑process communication, the hierarchical file system and VFS layer, device drivers, networking, shell variants, partitioning, mounting, and essential command‑line tools.

Mountfile systemkernel
0 likes · 33 min read
Understanding Linux: Kernel, Memory, Processes, and File Systems Explained
21CTO
21CTO
Aug 5, 2018 · Fundamentals

What Is Linux? A 1991 Primer on the Free Unix‑Like Kernel

Linux is a free Unix‑like kernel originally written for 386‑AT computers, described by Linus Torvalds in 1991, covering its source‑code licensing, hardware requirements, download sources, installation steps, missing features, and early ported utilities, offering a historical snapshot of early open‑source OS development.

HistoricalInstallationLinux
0 likes · 15 min read
What Is Linux? A 1991 Primer on the Free Unix‑Like Kernel
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Jul 23, 2018 · Operations

Why lsof Misses Thousands of File Handles: Linux Kernel Secrets Revealed

The article explains the discrepancy between the file‑handle count reported by /proc/sys/fs/file‑nr and the numbers shown by lsof, clarifying the difference between file descriptors and file handles, describing how the kernel allocates struct file objects, and showing how shared memory, mmap, and other operations can inflate handle counts unnoticed by lsof.

file-descriptorskernellsof
0 likes · 9 min read
Why lsof Misses Thousands of File Handles: Linux Kernel Secrets Revealed
ITPUB
ITPUB
Jan 18, 2018 · Fundamentals

Why Does Windows Slow Down Over Time While Linux Stays Fast?

The article explains that Windows often slows down due to accumulated service entries, registry I/O, and micro‑kernel design that loads many sys files at boot, whereas Linux’s monolithic kernel and fewer services keep its performance more stable over long use.

LinuxWindowskernel
0 likes · 7 min read
Why Does Windows Slow Down Over Time While Linux Stays Fast?
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Dec 10, 2017 · Fundamentals

Master Linux Fundamentals: From GNU to Kernel Internals Explained

This comprehensive guide covers Linux fundamentals, explaining GNU's role, system components, kernel subsystems, memory addressing, process management, interrupt handling, system calls, synchronization mechanisms, file systems, and device drivers, providing clear answers to common questions for learners and developers.

InterruptsMemory Managementkernel
0 likes · 22 min read
Master Linux Fundamentals: From GNU to Kernel Internals Explained
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Nov 25, 2017 · Fundamentals

Understanding Linux: Kernel, Memory, Processes, Filesystems, and More

This article provides a comprehensive overview of Linux system architecture, covering the kernel, shell, file system, memory management, process scheduling, device drivers, networking, partitioning, mounting, and common command‑line tools, offering readers a solid foundation in operating‑system fundamentals.

Memory Managementfile systemkernel
0 likes · 34 min read
Understanding Linux: Kernel, Memory, Processes, Filesystems, and More
21CTO
21CTO
Nov 24, 2017 · Information Security

Why Linus Torvalds Slammed Kernel Security Hardening – A Deep Dive

Linus Torvalds publicly rebuked recent kernel security hardening attempts, arguing that such changes often introduce bugs, should be deferred until final review, and that many security developers act irrationally, sparking a heated debate on the Linux mailing list.

HardeningLinus TorvaldsLinux
0 likes · 3 min read
Why Linus Torvalds Slammed Kernel Security Hardening – A Deep Dive
ITPUB
ITPUB
Nov 21, 2017 · Information Security

Why Linus Torvalds Slammed Security‑Hardening Patches in Linux 4.15

During the debate over new features for Linux kernel 4.15, Linus Torvalds harshly rejected security‑hardening changes proposed by Kees Cook, calling them unnecessary bugs and criticizing the approach of killing processes to enforce new rules.

Linus TorvaldsLinuxUsercopy
0 likes · 6 min read
Why Linus Torvalds Slammed Security‑Hardening Patches in Linux 4.15
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Nov 14, 2017 · Fundamentals

What’s New in Linux Kernel 4.14 LTS “Fearless Coyote” – Key Features and Insights

Linux kernel 4.14 LTS “Fearless Coyote” introduces heterogeneous memory management, expanded x86_64 memory limits, Vega improvements, Zstd compression, AMD secure memory encryption, new Realtek driver, HDMI‑CEC support on Raspberry Pi, Android F2FS tuning, and various Btrfs, EXT4 and XFS enhancements, while Linus Torvalds highlights a modest shortlog and upcoming changes for 4.15.

4.14LTSkernel
0 likes · 12 min read
What’s New in Linux Kernel 4.14 LTS “Fearless Coyote” – Key Features and Insights
UCloud Tech
UCloud Tech
Nov 10, 2017 · Cloud Native

Why Weave FastDb Crashes VM Networks and How to Fix It

This article explains why Weave's FastDb mode can cause network interruptions on CentOS 7 VMs, analyzes the underlying kernel bugs and UDP PMTU probing issues, and provides practical solutions such as kernel upgrades, disabling UFO, and adjusting MTU settings.

DockerFastDbNetworking
0 likes · 9 min read
Why Weave FastDb Crashes VM Networks and How to Fix It
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Nov 9, 2017 · Fundamentals

Understanding Linux Kernel Processes: 10 Essential System Daemons Explained

This article introduces ten common Linux kernel processes, explaining their roles—from memory management with kswapd0 to I/O handling by aio—helping operators and developers recognize and interpret the often‑bracketed system daemons that appear in ps listings and affect system performance.

Operating SystemSystem Administrationkernel
0 likes · 10 min read
Understanding Linux Kernel Processes: 10 Essential System Daemons Explained
Architects' Tech Alliance
Architects' Tech Alliance
Oct 8, 2017 · Fundamentals

History and Evolution of Unix and the XNU Kernel

The article traces the origins of Unix, its various branches such as BSD, System V, and modern derivatives like XNU, AIX, Solaris, and Linux, highlighting key historical milestones, licensing, and the impact of open‑source releases on developers.

Operating SystemsUnixXNU
0 likes · 10 min read
History and Evolution of Unix and the XNU Kernel
21CTO
21CTO
Oct 1, 2017 · Fundamentals

Why Did Apple Open‑Source Its XNU Kernel? Insights and Implications

Apple surprised developers by publishing the XNU kernel source for macOS and iOS on GitHub, explaining the kernel’s origins, licensing under APSL 2.0, and how this move may help developers understand system internals while aiming to attract more contributors.

AppleXNUiOS
0 likes · 4 min read
Why Did Apple Open‑Source Its XNU Kernel? Insights and Implications
Hujiang Technology
Hujiang Technology
Sep 5, 2017 · Information Security

Understanding Android O seccomp Filters and Illegal System Calls

The article explains how Android O uses seccomp filters in the zygote process to block unused or dangerous system calls, how developers can detect and avoid illegal calls that cause crashes, and how to test or disable the filter on development builds.

AndroidSystem Callskernel
0 likes · 6 min read
Understanding Android O seccomp Filters and Illegal System Calls
dbaplus Community
dbaplus Community
Aug 22, 2017 · Databases

How UDB Supercharges MySQL Replication with Deep Kernel Optimizations

This article details UDB's high‑availability architecture and four kernel‑level optimizations—binlog replication, relay‑log recording, master.info handling, and relay‑log locking—that together improve MySQL semi‑synchronous replication performance and reliability.

Database OptimizationReplicationSemi-synchronous
0 likes · 9 min read
How UDB Supercharges MySQL Replication with Deep Kernel Optimizations
ITPUB
ITPUB
Aug 21, 2017 · Fundamentals

Understanding Linux Interrupt Handling: Tasklets, SoftIRQs, and Workqueues

This article explains Linux interrupt handling mechanisms, covering the basic vector‑table approach, the concept of bottom‑half processing, and the evolution from simple interrupt routines to softirqs, tasklets, and workqueues, while offering practical guidance on when to use each technique.

InterruptsWorkqueuekernel
0 likes · 8 min read
Understanding Linux Interrupt Handling: Tasklets, SoftIRQs, and Workqueues
ITPUB
ITPUB
Jul 26, 2017 · Fundamentals

Why Linux Uses Virtual Memory and How It Works

This article explains the need for virtual memory in Linux, describes its implementation mechanisms such as swap space and lazy allocation, and details the typical layout of the kernel and user address spaces, including high‑memory handling and zone mapping.

Memory ManagementSwapVirtual Memory
0 likes · 14 min read
Why Linux Uses Virtual Memory and How It Works
ITPUB
ITPUB
Mar 21, 2017 · Backend Development

Understanding Linux Kernel Clock Management: A Step‑by‑Step Walkthrough

This article walks through the Linux kernel's clock management code, explaining how the clk_get_sys function matches devices, handles mutexes, and enables clocks on Samsung platforms, while illustrating each step with annotated code screenshots.

Clock Managementbackend-developmentc++
0 likes · 6 min read
Understanding Linux Kernel Clock Management: A Step‑by‑Step Walkthrough
ITPUB
ITPUB
Feb 24, 2017 · Fundamentals

Understanding Linux Tasklet and Workqueue Mechanisms: A Deep Dive

This article explains why the Linux kernel introduced the tasklet mechanism, details its core data structures and execution flow, and then compares it with the workqueue system, covering creation, scheduling, and processing of work items in kernel space.

Operating SystemWorkqueuekernel
0 likes · 7 min read
Understanding Linux Tasklet and Workqueue Mechanisms: A Deep Dive
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Dec 10, 2016 · Fundamentals

Unlocking Linux: How the Kernel and CentOS Boot Process Really Work

This article explains the components of the Linux kernel, the design philosophies behind it, and provides a step‑by‑step walkthrough of the CentOS boot sequence—from POST and BIOS to GRUB stages, kernel initialization, run‑level configuration, and final user‑space startup.

Boot ProcessCentOSLinux
0 likes · 13 min read
Unlocking Linux: How the Kernel and CentOS Boot Process Really Work
ITPUB
ITPUB
Nov 14, 2016 · Fundamentals

How Linux Kernel Turns malloc Calls into Physical Memory: A Simple Guide

This article explains Linux kernel memory management by describing how user‑level malloc allocates virtual memory, how page tables map virtual to physical addresses, and how the hardware‑triggered page‑fault mechanism ultimately provides the needed physical pages.

Memory ManagementPage FaultVirtual Memory
0 likes · 9 min read
How Linux Kernel Turns malloc Calls into Physical Memory: A Simple Guide
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Nov 5, 2016 · Fundamentals

Understanding Linux Kernel and CentOS Boot Process: A Complete Guide

This article explains the Linux kernel architecture, key components, and the detailed CentOS boot sequence—from hardware POST and BIOS to GRUB stages, kernel initialization, runlevel configuration, and system initialization scripts—providing a comprehensive overview of OS startup fundamentals.

Boot ProcessCentOSLinux
0 likes · 13 min read
Understanding Linux Kernel and CentOS Boot Process: A Complete Guide
ITPUB
ITPUB
Oct 20, 2016 · Fundamentals

Understanding Linux Hard IRQ vs Soft IRQ: A Deep Dive into Kernel Interrupt Handling

This article explains the distinction between hard IRQ and soft IRQ in the Linux x86 32‑bit kernel, detailing how preempt_count tracks interrupt context, how do_IRQ, irq_enter, and irq_exit manage the transition, and how __do_softirq processes pending softirqs with code examples and diagrams.

HardIRQInterruptsPreemptCount
0 likes · 9 min read
Understanding Linux Hard IRQ vs Soft IRQ: A Deep Dive into Kernel Interrupt Handling
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Oct 7, 2016 · Fundamentals

How Linux Handles Interrupts: A Five‑Stage Deep Dive into Asynchronous Processing

This article explains Linux kernel interrupt handling in five stages—from acquiring the interrupt number and serializing concurrent interrupts to using softirqs, tasklets, and workqueues for deferred processing—while highlighting the design choices that keep critical code non‑reentrant and the system responsive.

LinuxWorkqueueinterrupt handling
0 likes · 11 min read
How Linux Handles Interrupts: A Five‑Stage Deep Dive into Asynchronous Processing
ITPUB
ITPUB
Sep 20, 2016 · Fundamentals

Understanding Linux’s Hung Task Mechanism: Detecting D‑State Processes

The article explains how the Linux kernel identifies processes stuck in the uninterruptible D state, describes the hung‑task detection code, shows the watchdog thread and related functions, and provides a Raspberry Pi example that triggers and logs a hung‑task warning.

D-StateHung TaskLinux
0 likes · 14 min read
Understanding Linux’s Hung Task Mechanism: Detecting D‑State Processes
ITPUB
ITPUB
Sep 9, 2016 · Backend Development

How Linux Parses Memory Tags from U‑Boot and Adjusts Boot Parameters

This article explains the two-stage process by which the Linux kernel parses memory information passed from U‑Boot—first via ATAG tags and then through the boot command line—detailing the relevant code, data structures, and practical methods for modifying memory size on embedded platforms.

Boot ParametersLinuxMemory Management
0 likes · 9 min read
How Linux Parses Memory Tags from U‑Boot and Adjusts Boot Parameters
ITPUB
ITPUB
Aug 25, 2016 · Information Security

Understanding Linux Netfilter: How the Kernel Handles Packet Filtering

This article provides an in‑depth technical overview of Linux Netfilter, explaining its hook architecture, key macros, packet‑processing flow, and how iptables interacts with the kernel to filter, NAT, and track connections across the IPv4 stack.

Linuxfirewalliptables
0 likes · 15 min read
Understanding Linux Netfilter: How the Kernel Handles Packet Filtering
Architect
Architect
Mar 5, 2016 · Backend Development

Analysis of iSCSI Enterprise Target (IET) Architecture and I/O Processing

This article examines the kernel‑mode iSCSI Enterprise Target (IET), detailing its component modules (ietadm, ietd, iscsi_trgt), the interaction flow between initiators and the target, and the internal I/O processing pipeline, including thread allocation, work queues, and backend storage handling.

IETLinuxbackend-development
0 likes · 6 min read
Analysis of iSCSI Enterprise Target (IET) Architecture and I/O Processing
Qunar Tech Salon
Qunar Tech Salon
Dec 12, 2015 · Fundamentals

Linux Kernel Architecture Overview and Design Principles

This article explains why the Linux kernel has succeeded, describing its layered position in a computer system, the roles of virtualization and multitasking, the overall modular architecture, key data structures, and the design of core subsystems such as the process scheduler, memory manager, virtual file system, and network interface.

LinuxOperating SystemProcess scheduler
0 likes · 19 min read
Linux Kernel Architecture Overview and Design Principles
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Nov 17, 2015 · Fundamentals

Understanding Linux Boot Process: From BIOS to Init

This article explains the complete Linux boot sequence, detailing how POST, BIOS, the MBR bootloader, GRUB stages, the kernel, initrd, and the init process work together to detect hardware, load drivers, mount the root filesystem, and start system services.

Boot ProcessGRUBLinux
0 likes · 12 min read
Understanding Linux Boot Process: From BIOS to Init
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Jun 4, 2015 · Backend Development

Master Linux Kernel Interrupts and Timers: A Hands‑On Guide

This article explains Linux kernel interrupt handling, top‑half and bottom‑half mechanisms, IRQ request/release, shared IRQs, disabling/enabling IRQs, tasklets, workqueues, softirqs, the timer API, and provides a complete character‑device driver example with a user‑space test program.

Linuxc++driver
0 likes · 16 min read
Master Linux Kernel Interrupts and Timers: A Hands‑On Guide
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Apr 3, 2015 · Operations

Master Linux Kernel Compilation: A Step‑by‑Step Guide

This guide walks you through obtaining the Linux kernel source, extracting it, configuring options with menuconfig, compiling with make, installing modules and the kernel, updating bootloader entries, and cleaning up, providing practical commands and tips for a successful custom kernel build.

CompilationMakekernel
0 likes · 8 min read
Master Linux Kernel Compilation: A Step‑by‑Step Guide
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Jul 8, 2014 · Operations

CentOS 7.0.1406 Release: Key Features, Install Media & Known Issues

The article details the official CentOS 7.0.1406 64‑bit release announced on July 7, 2014, highlighting kernel upgrades, container support, default JDK, installation media options, verification steps, major changes, downgrade options, known issues, and where to obtain source code and ISO images.

CentOSInstallationLinux
0 likes · 7 min read
CentOS 7.0.1406 Release: Key Features, Install Media & Known Issues