This comprehensive guide explains Kubernetes' architecture, core components, deployment workflow, pod fundamentals, container orchestration patterns, networking model, and service discovery, providing a clear understanding of how containerized applications are managed and accessed in a cloud‑native environment.
This article explains how to construct a Kubernetes platform that puts applications first by using the Open Application Model (OAM), covering the required architectural layers, core concepts such as Components, Traits, ApplicationConfiguration, Definition objects, and the practical benefits for platform engineers.
This guide explains how to use Ingress‑Nginx annotations such as canary‑by‑header, canary‑weight, canary‑by‑cookie, and canary‑by‑header‑value to perform traffic splitting, blue‑green deployments, and A/B testing in Kubernetes, with complete YAML examples and test results.
This article explains what a PodSecurityPolicy is, details its configurable fields such as RunAsUser, SELinux, supplemental groups, FSGroup, and volume restrictions, and provides step‑by‑step commands to create, list, edit, delete, and enable PSPs in a Kubernetes cluster.
Discover a curated list of powerful open-source Kubernetes management solutions—including K9s, Rancher, Dashboard, Kubectl, Kubeadm, Helm, KubeSpray, Kontena Lens, and WKSctl—detailing their core features, deployment options, and how they streamline cluster monitoring, configuration, and application lifecycle across cloud-native environments.
This article explains the kubelet’s key responsibilities, how it detects resource scarcity through eviction signals and thresholds, and provides practical guidance on configuring hard and soft eviction policies, reclamation strategies, and QoS‑based pod ranking to keep Kubernetes nodes stable.
This article explains Kubernetes Pods lifecycle, the role of Services as abstractions for pod groups, and details the four Service types—ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, and ExternalName—along with kube-proxy proxy modes (userspace, iptables, IPVS) and provides example YAML configurations.
This guide explains how to safely upgrade Spring Cloud microservices on an EDAS‑managed Kubernetes cluster using canary (gray) releases, covering configuration of batch deployment, traffic routing rules, content‑based and ratio‑based gray policies, monitoring, and rollback procedures.
This roundup covers the KubeCon 2020 virtual summit, the GA of seccomp‑based PodSecurityPolicy enforcement, recommended open‑source projects such as Kubernetes The Hard Way and kustomize‑controller, plus a curated list of recent Kubernetes‑focused articles and reading material.
This comprehensive guide explores Prometheus monitoring fundamentals, key design principles, exporter selection for Kubernetes, advanced configuration tricks, capacity planning, high‑cardinality pitfalls, HA architectures, and integration with Grafana, Alertmanager, and Thanos to help you build reliable cloud‑native observability pipelines.
Dubbo-go v1.5 introduces an application‑level service registration model, a metadata center for interface data, Kubernetes‑native registration, enhanced routing, and security features like TLS, while maintaining full compatibility with Dubbo 2.7.x and preparing for future cloud‑native evolution.
This article traces Docker's evolution from a startup's LXC‑based PaaS to an open‑source container platform, explains its lightweight virtualization advantages over virtual machines, introduces Kubernetes as a powerful orchestration system, and shows how these technologies are reshaping telecom core networks with container‑based micro‑services.
This guide explains how to use Google’s open‑source Kaniko tool to build container images directly inside a Kubernetes cluster without needing Docker daemon access, covering its workflow, required prerequisites, secret creation, job manifest, command‑line usage, and a brief comparison with similar tools.
EDAS offers a comprehensive deployment toolkit—including IDE plugins, Maven integration, Jenkins CI/CD, Terraform orchestration, and a powerful CLI—designed for developers and ops teams to quickly and safely deploy Java applications to ECS or Kubernetes clusters while enforcing namespace controls and change‑management best practices.
This guide explains what etcd is, how to prepare a Kubernetes environment, start single‑node or multi‑node clusters, secure communication with TLS, replace failed members, perform built‑in and volume backups, scale the cluster, recover from snapshots, upgrade to etcd 3, and avoid known client‑balancer bugs.
A senior infrastructure engineer shares hard‑won lessons from migrating a large team to pure Kubernetes, covering deployment speed, error reduction, observability, networking, monitoring, GitOps, custom operators, secret handling, CI, and logging challenges in modern cloud‑native environments.
This guide explains how Kubernetes Job controllers run one‑off tasks, covering serial and parallel execution modes, required manifest fields, restart policies, monitoring commands, and cleanup options, complete with YAML examples and command‑line snippets.
This article explains the motivations behind choosing Loki over traditional ELK/EFK stacks for container cloud logging, outlines ELK's drawbacks, describes Loki's cost‑effective architecture and components such as Distributor, Ingester, and Querier, and highlights its scalability in cloud‑native environments.
This guide walks through installing HAProxy on a Kubernetes master node, compiling and configuring it, adding the HAProxy exporter, creating a ServiceMonitor YAML for the Prometheus Operator, and verifying that metrics are correctly scraped and displayed in the Prometheus UI.
This guide walks developers through creating an Alibaba Cloud ACK Kubernetes cluster, importing it into EDAS, initializing a cloud‑native Spring Cloud application, choosing the appropriate runtime, and deploying the app directly from an IDE plugin for fast, efficient releases.
This guide explains what Tekton is, why a Kubernetes‑native CI/CD solution is advantageous, and provides step‑by‑step instructions—including required images, YAML manifests, and command‑line examples—to install Tekton, define tasks and pipelines, run a Go test pipeline, and troubleshoot common issues.
This article introduces Skaffold, a lightweight open‑source CLI tool for local Kubernetes development, explains its key features, shows step‑by‑step installation and a starter workflow, details the pipeline stages and architecture, and includes real‑world user feedback.
Apache Flink 1.11.0, released after four months of development, brings major ecosystem, usability, and stability improvements—including CDC support, a new JDBC catalog, real‑time Hive integration, a redesigned source API, PyFlink enhancements, application mode for Kubernetes, and checkpoint optimizations—while highlighting the growing contribution of Chinese developers.
ElasticDL is an open‑source distributed deep learning framework built on TensorFlow 2.x and Kubernetes that simplifies programming by letting users define models with the Keras API, while providing elastic scheduling, fault tolerance, and significant performance gains demonstrated through extensive benchmarks.
360’s Doraemon monitoring platform extends Prometheus with a rule engine, alert gateway and web UI, offering dynamic rule loading, label‑based routing, aggregation, maintenance groups, and both Docker‑Compose and Kubernetes deployments, all open‑sourced on GitHub.
This guide shows step‑by‑step how to generate service‑account tokens in Kubernetes to log into the dashboard with permissions limited to a single namespace, all namespaces, or full cluster‑admin rights, including the required kubectl commands and token extraction details.
ElasticJob is a Java‑based distributed scheduling framework that blends Quartz‑style job timing with ZooKeeper coordination, offering lightweight Lite and cloud‑native Cloud editions, elastic scaling, resource governance, and a roadmap toward Kubernetes support and plug‑in extensibility.
This guide walks through creating PrometheusRule resources, deploying Alertmanager via the Prometheus Operator, configuring custom alerting rules, exposing Alertmanager with a Service, and applying custom Prometheus configuration files using Kubernetes secrets and kubectl commands.
This article examines Docker's early container platform, the evolution of Docker Swarm, the birth and architecture of Kubernetes, and compares their features, scalability, storage, and fault‑tolerance to explain why Kubernetes has become the dominant cloud‑native orchestration solution.
SQLFlow is an open‑source system that lets users describe and execute end‑to‑end AI tasks—including data extraction, preprocessing, model training, evaluation, prediction, and explanation—entirely with SQL, simplifying workflow construction across multiple databases and machine‑learning engines while supporting scalable execution on Kubernetes.
This article explains what the Prometheus Operator is, how it extends Kubernetes with custom resources, lists the CRDs it provides, and walks through a complete deployment—including cloning the source, creating a monitoring namespace, applying RBAC, installing the operator, creating a Prometheus instance, configuring ServiceMonitor, and troubleshooting common permission errors—using concrete YAML manifests and kubectl commands.
On June 24, 2020 the CNCF Technical Oversight Committee approved eleven projects into the Sandbox, including Crossplane’s OAM Kubernetes implementation, signaling the transfer of ownership to the CNCF community and highlighting upcoming features that will standardize application component dependencies, data injection, and versioning for hybrid‑cloud environments.
This tutorial explains the lifecycle and use‑cases of Kubernetes emptyDir and hostPath volumes, shows how to configure them in pod specs, demonstrates a sidecar pattern for temporary data sharing, and provides complete YAML and kubectl commands for creation, inspection, and troubleshooting.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Kubernetes, covering its overall architecture, core components, deployment workflow, pod fundamentals, container orchestration patterns, scaling, updates, networking, and service discovery, enabling readers to grasp how Kubernetes orchestrates containerized micro‑services.
This guide shows how to configure a Redis exporter alongside a Redis pod in Kubernetes, add Prometheus scrape annotations, apply the deployment and service manifests, and visualize metrics in Grafana, providing step‑by‑step commands, YAML examples, and screenshots of the monitoring dashboard.
This guide explains how to use the open‑source kubectx.manager tool to automatically merge several kubeconfig files into a single configuration, walk through installation, interactive merging steps, and recommends the powerful kubie plugin for fast context switching in Kubernetes environments.
This article explains how Kubernetes' Kube‑scheduler has evolved from early Extender and multiple‑scheduler approaches to the modern Scheduling Framework, detailing its architecture, extension points, and a step‑by‑step guide to building a custom QoS plugin with code examples.
This article details how Tencent Cloud’s TKE team identified, analyzed, reproduced, and resolved multiple etcd stability and performance issues—including data inconsistency, memory leaks, mvcc deadlocks, and WAL crashes—while sharing the lessons learned and the optimizations applied to support million‑node Kubernetes deployments.
This article explains Docker’s four network drivers (bridge, host, none, overlay), details how the bridge driver creates the docker0 bridge and veth pairs, shows port‑mapping with -p/-P, then covers Kubernetes pod communication patterns, CNI plugins, and provides a step‑by‑step guide to deploying and configuring Flannel with different backends such as vxlan, host‑gw and directrouting.
This article explains how Loki, a lightweight Grafana‑based log system, addresses the heavy resource usage and complexity of ELK/EFK in Kubernetes environments by simplifying architecture, reducing cost, and improving log‑metric integration for faster incident response.
This guide explains Kubernetes' security pipeline—authentication, authorization, and admission control—detailing token and SSL authentication, service accounts, RBAC, ABAC, Node and Webhook authorizers, and the essential admission plugins, with practical kubectl commands and configuration examples.
This guide walks through generating a private key, CSR, and signed certificate with OpenSSL, adding a new user and context to kubeconfig, binding the user to a cluster role, and verifying namespace‑specific permissions in a Kubernetes cluster.
This guide walks through downloading the mysql_exporter package, extracting it on a Kubernetes master, installing the binary, creating a dedicated MySQL user with proper permissions, configuring a password‑less client file, launching the exporter, and updating Prometheus via kubectl so MySQL metrics are exposed on port 9104.
The article presents a comprehensive overview of Autohome's one‑stop machine learning platform, detailing its background, architecture, resource scheduling, data processing, model training (including distributed deep learning), deployment, real‑world applications such as purchase‑intent and recommendation models, and future development directions.
This article examines the limitations of traditional Kubernetes Service implementations, introduces Tencent TKE’s IPVS‑BPF mode that bypasses nf_conntrack using eBPF for SNAT, details its design and implementation steps, and presents extensive performance measurements showing significant latency and throughput improvements.
This article introduces OpenYurt's YurtHub component, detailing its architecture and five major extensions—including edge network autonomy, multi‑cloud endpoint support, node‑level flow control, certificate rotation, and additional features—while explaining how it enables non‑intrusive Kubernetes edge deployments.
This comprehensive guide explains why Kubernetes has become the standard container platform, covering its application‑centric architecture, migration challenges, networking and CNI design, control‑plane components, storage solutions including CSI and FlexVolume, image distribution strategies, upgrade and backup procedures, operator patterns, and practical containerization best practices for large‑scale deployments.
This guide walks you through installing KubeSphere 2.1.1 on a Kubernetes cluster, covering prerequisites, Helm and Tiller setup, OpenEBS storage configuration, optional minimal or full installations, and verification steps, with detailed commands and tips for both online and air‑gapped environments.
This article explains how TKE@EDGE implements edge autonomy mechanisms—including lite‑apiserver, network snapshot, and distributed health checks—to keep edge containers and services highly available even when network connectivity to the cloud is unreliable or intermittent.
This article explains how Xiaomi migrated tens of thousands of Redis instances from bare‑metal servers to Kubernetes, using Redis Proxy, StatefulSets, and Ceph storage to achieve resource isolation, automated deployment, dynamic scaling, and improved reliability while addressing latency, IP‑change, and security challenges.
This article explains the concept of overlay networks, their implementation with VxLAN, how they enable virtual machine migration, reduce MAC address pressure, and provide large‑scale network isolation in cloud environments, while detailing packet processing steps and design trade‑offs.
The article explains how the Open Application Model (OAM) addresses the missing "application" concept in Kubernetes by providing a standardized, role‑based model for defining, configuring, and delivering cloud‑native applications, and describes the joint Alibaba‑Microsoft‑Crossplane implementation, its runtime library, and the growing community ecosystem.
In this interview, senior engineers from Lingque Cloud share how their company adopted Kubernetes six years ago, discuss the evolution of the platform, their contributions to the open‑source community, and their expectations for the future of cloud‑native technologies.
This article examines common edge container deployment patterns, identifies their challenges, and introduces TKE@edge's ServiceGroup feature—including DeploymentGrid and ServiceGrid resources—to simplify multi‑site microservice management and traffic isolation across edge nodes.
Learn how to merge multiple kubeconfig files, resolve TLS user conflicts, and use the third‑party tools kubectx and kubens to quickly list, switch, and manage Kubernetes clusters and namespaces with simple command‑line shortcuts.
This article describes a DevOps‑based continuous deployment practice that integrates project management, code, image, and configuration handling with tools such as Bitbucket, Jenkins, Docker, Harbor, and Kubernetes to achieve automated, one‑click deployments for development and test environments.
This article presents ByteDance's private cloud platform TCE architecture and explains how automated elastic scaling, dynamic over‑commit, and mixed‑workload deployment are used to improve resource utilization for millions of services, balancing online peak demand with offline batch tasks.
This roundup highlights recent Kubernetes ecosystem changes, including the addition of anti‑discrimination statements to documentation, the upcoming 1.19.0‑beta.1 code freeze, Linkerd 2.8 multi‑cluster support, several upstream enhancements, and curated open‑source project and reading recommendations for cloud‑native practitioners.
Linkerd 2.8 adds a multi‑cluster extension that securely connects Kubernetes clusters across any network topology, introduces an add‑on plugin system with Jaeger and Grafana support, and includes numerous performance and stability improvements for cloud‑native service mesh deployments.
This article explains OpenYurt’s non‑intrusive architecture that extends native Kubernetes to edge scenarios, detailing its edge‑autonomy features, the challenges it solves, and the two main design approaches—kubelet reconstruction and the YurtHub proxy—along with their trade‑offs and implementation details.
This article explains the concept, benefits, and technical implementation of in‑place upgrades for Pods in Kubernetes, detailing how OpenKruise leverages kubelet image hashing, update restrictions, container status reporting, and readiness gates to achieve fast, low‑impact, and controllable rollouts.
This comprehensive guide explains how ConfigMaps and Secrets work in Kubernetes, walks through multiple ways to provide configuration to containers—including command‑line arguments, environment variables, and volume mounts—shows how to create ConfigMaps from literals, files, or directories, and demonstrates how to consume them in Pods with env, envFrom, and volume mounts, plus best‑practice tips.
The article summarizes the technical innovations of the open‑source Kube‑OVN project—including a namespace‑based subnet model, comprehensive fixed‑IP support, flexible gateway options, performance optimizations for control and data planes, extensive monitoring tools, and real‑world user cases—highlighting its relevance for modern cloud‑native networking.
The article summarizes Liu Mengxin’s June 11 talk on cloud‑native networking, covering its definition, basic requirements, open‑source CNI implementations, control‑ and data‑plane designs, and the functional, operational, security, and performance challenges faced when deploying container networks at scale.
This guide walks through systematic Kubernetes troubleshooting steps for pods stuck in Pending, Waiting, CrashLoopBackOff, or Running incorrectly, and also covers controller, service, and network debugging using kubectl commands, log inspection, validation flags, and endpoint verification.
This guide explains how adjusting the kube‑scheduler's percentageOfNodesToScore setting can improve scheduling latency and throughput in large Kubernetes clusters, covering default behavior, configuration steps, practical examples, and important considerations for different cluster sizes.
Monzo, the UK digital bank, shares how it built a Kubernetes‑based, cloud‑native platform to run over 1,600 Go‑written microservices backed by Cassandra, implements fine‑grained service isolation with network policies, and creates internal tooling to automate security and deployment at massive scale.
This article traces the evolution from early virtualization challenges to modern container technologies, explaining how LXC laid the groundwork for Docker, how Docker differs from virtual machines, and why containers have become essential for cloud‑native development and DevOps workflows.
This guide walks you through modifying Alertmanager’s configuration to deliver alerts via QQ email, DingTalk chat‑bot webhooks, and Enterprise WeChat, including SMTP settings, webhook plugin installation, and the required wechat_configs parameters for seamless integration.
This guide details a zero‑downtime migration of large ZooKeeper clusters to Kubernetes by wrapping each server in a ClusterIP service, reconfiguring clients, updating server configs, and replacing physical nodes with Pods, while outlining required network prerequisites and practical steps.
This guide walks you through adding a Kubernetes cloud in Jenkins, extracting and decoding the required certificates from the kube config, creating a client P12 file with OpenSSL, uploading the credentials, and testing the connection to ensure seamless CI/CD integration.
This article outlines the design, functional requirements, CRD definition, architecture, deployment, scaling, monitoring, fault‑tolerance, and upgrade strategies of a Zookeeper operator on Kubernetes, including code examples, service configurations, and integration with Prometheus and OAM standards.
This guide explains Kubernetes service exposure options, the challenges they address, and provides a step‑by‑step tutorial for deploying an Ingress controller, creating Ingress resources, and configuring TLS to securely expose applications within a cluster.
This guide explains how Kubernetes uses livenessProbe and readinessProbe to monitor container health, prevent traffic loss, and trigger restarts, covering probe types, implementation methods, configuration parameters, and practical examples with exec, HTTP GET, and TCP socket actions.
This article walks beginners through the full process of preparing a Kubernetes environment and deploying both PHP (WordPress) and Java (Tomcat) web applications, covering image creation, namespace setup, secrets, deployments, services, ingress configuration, and host binding.
This article describes how to collect, clean, and analyze 90,000+ GitHub issues and pull requests from the Kubernetes repository using Kubeflow, TensorFlow, and a fully automated CI/CD pipeline, then build, train, and serve a simple MLP model that classifies release‑note texts as bugs or non‑bugs.
This article details how Tubi built the Tubi Data Runtime platform on JupyterHub using Kubernetes, covering authentication with Okta SSO, custom Docker images, shared EFS storage, multi‑service support, GPU enablement, node affinity, cluster autoscaling, and monitoring with Prometheus.
This guide explains two methods for mounting Ceph RBD in Kubernetes—static PV & PVC and dynamic StorageClass—detailing secret creation, PV, PVC, and deployment configuration, and then shows how to mount CephFS directly in a deployment without separate PV/PVC, including all required YAML and commands.
This article compares monitoring metrics for CPU, memory, disk, and network between traditional KVM-based servers and Kubernetes pods, explaining why their indicators differ, how resource isolation works, and what key metrics users should watch to diagnose performance bottlenecks.
This article analyzes a recurring NotReady issue in Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes clusters, explaining how kubelet, NodeStatus, and the Pod Lifecycle Events Generator (PLEG) interact, why nodes become Ready for only three minutes after a kubelet restart, and how the underlying timeout mechanisms cause the problem.
This article outlines ten frequent Istio exceptions—from service port naming constraints and flow‑control ordering to mTLS‑induced connection drops—explaining their root causes, diagnostic steps, and practical best‑practice solutions for reliable mesh deployments.
This article explains why a typical Deployment + LoadBalancer setup can experience downtime during updates, analyzes the pod lifecycle, endpoint synchronization, iptables/ipvs and SLB interactions, and provides concrete configuration steps—including readiness probes, preStop hooks, and Service traffic policies—to achieve zero‑downtime deployments.
The article explains Kubernetes' rapid rise by detailing its history, YAML‑based declarative infrastructure, GitOps workflow, scalability features, security policies, cloud‑provider integration, extensibility through CRDs and Operators, and the vibrant community that drives continuous innovation.
This article explains the Kubernetes update mechanism, why an API update can fail due to missing resourceVersion, how patch operations differ, and the internal logic of kubectl apply and edit, providing practical guidance for choosing between update and patch in cloud‑native deployments.
This article examines why MySQL is deployed on Kubernetes, outlines the technical challenges such as service routing, monitoring isolation, storage and high‑availability, highlights the benefits of cloud‑native networking and scheduling, and reviews popular MySQL operators and their implementation details.
This article explains the complete lifecycle of a Kubernetes Pod, covering its phases, the creation workflow, init containers, lifecycle hooks, termination steps, and related kubectl commands, providing clear diagrams and example YAML manifests for practical use.
OpenYurt is Alibaba’s open‑source edge‑native extension for Kubernetes that enables zero‑intrusion, seamless cluster conversion, low‑overhead edge autonomy, and unified cloud‑edge management, and the article outlines its background, technical features, core capabilities, roadmap, and where to find the project.
This article explains how Tubi Data Runtime (TDR) streamlines data access on JupyterHub by introducing an optimized Redshift connector, custom SQL cell magic, and JupyterLab extensions for data exploration, reducing latency and resource usage while enhancing collaboration and usability for data scientists and engineers.
The article recaps a SIG Cloud‑Provider‑Alibaba webinar, detailing Alibaba’s large‑scale cloud‑native deployment challenges and how the open‑source OpenKruise project introduces extended workloads like CloneSet, Advanced StatefulSet, SidecarSet, and more to improve deployment efficiency, stability, and flexibility on Kubernetes.
This article explains the most important configuration choices for Tencent Cloud TKE—including Kubernetes version, network modes (GlobalRouter vs VPC‑CNI), container runtimes (Docker vs containerd), service forwarding (iptables vs ipvs), cluster types, node operating systems, node pools, and startup scripts—providing comparisons and practical recommendations to help users avoid common pitfalls.
Discover a curated collection of 15 Alibaba developer tools—from Java diagnostics and IDE plugins to chaos engineering, performance testing, and serverless platforms—each explained with usage scenarios, tutorials, and acquisition links, helping backend engineers streamline development, enhance reliability, and accelerate deployment.
This article compiles essential DevOps interview questions covering version control differences between Git and SVN, MySQL master‑slave replication mechanics, Kafka versus traditional MQ, Kubernetes service types, pod communication, health checks, resource limits, link types, and permanent mounting techniques.
This article details the evolution of Zhihu's deployment platform, covering its early physical‑machine system, the transition to container orchestration with Kubernetes, and the implementation of blue‑green, canary, and pre‑release strategies that enable fast, reliable continuous deployment.
TCOS 2.0, the container operating system from Transwarp, expands compatibility to Windows, ARM, MIPS, and domestic platforms, adds GPU heterogeneous scheduling, HPA autoscaling, enhanced local storage management, and improved monitoring, providing a robust foundation for big data, AI, and cloud-native applications.
This article examines the rising trend of serverless containers, their application value, architectural design for cloud‑native Kubernetes, key challenges such as startup latency and scalability, and how Alibaba Cloud's Serverless Kubernetes and ECI solutions address these issues while offering a free learning course.
This guide details a complete GitLab‑based CI/CD workflow—from issue creation and feature‑branch handling through build, test, code‑analysis, Docker image creation, and Kubernetes deployment—illustrating pipeline configuration, variable management, and trigger rules for reliable end‑to‑end project delivery.
The Istio 1.6 release introduces a fully migrated Istiod architecture, streamlined installation and upgrade processes, expanded observability features, native support for virtual‑machine workloads via WorkloadEntry, and several network enhancements including improved secret handling and experimental Service API support.
This article explains the challenges of traditional Deployment and StatefulSet IDs, introduces OpenKruise and its five enhanced controllers, details the installation process via Helm, and demonstrates how Advanced StatefulSet enables parallel pod startup and in‑place updates for faster, more reliable workloads.
This guide walks through preparing the environment, installing required tools, configuring firewalls, setting up host files, deploying Nginx with Keepalived for high‑availability, installing Docker, MySQL, and finally installing K3s and Rancher using Helm, including certificate creation and troubleshooting steps.
This guide explains how to set up Istio across multiple Kubernetes clusters using a multi‑control‑plane topology, covering CA secret creation, control‑plane installation, DNS configuration, sample application deployment, ServiceEntry and DestinationRule creation, and cross‑cluster traffic routing verification.
