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dbaplus Community
dbaplus Community
Nov 28, 2016 · Backend Development

Adaptive Service Monitoring and Self‑Healing Calls for Microservices

This article explains how to implement service context monitoring and runtime awareness, capture performance metrics via automatic discovery, transmit data through heartbeats or message queues, and apply adaptive mechanisms such as load balancing, circuit breaking, retry and isolation to achieve resilient microservice communication.

Adaptive routingCircuit Breakingload balancing
0 likes · 17 min read
Adaptive Service Monitoring and Self‑Healing Calls for Microservices
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Nov 24, 2016 · Backend Development

High Concurrency Architecture and Practical Solutions for E‑commerce Applications

This article outlines the challenges of high‑traffic scenarios such as flash sales and timed red‑packet distribution, and presents a comprehensive backend architecture—including load balancing, database clustering, NoSQL caching, CDN, concurrency testing, message queues, first‑level caching, and static data strategies—to ensure smooth operation and optimal user experience.

Backend ArchitectureMessage Queuecaching
0 likes · 11 min read
High Concurrency Architecture and Practical Solutions for E‑commerce Applications
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Nov 23, 2016 · Backend Development

Evolution of .NET Web Architecture: From Single Server to Distributed Cloud Services

The article outlines the step‑by‑step evolution of a .NET‑based web system, describing how a single‑server setup grows into a multi‑tier, load‑balanced, clustered, stateless, micro‑service architecture that leverages caching, NoSQL, search engines, cloud services, Docker and CDN to handle large‑scale traffic and data processing.

BackendDistributed Systemscaching
0 likes · 10 min read
Evolution of .NET Web Architecture: From Single Server to Distributed Cloud Services
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Nov 19, 2016 · Backend Development

Why Distributed Systems Are Essential for Scaling Internet Services and How to Build Them

The article explains that massive user traffic forces servers to adopt distributed systems to achieve high throughput, concurrency, low latency, and load balancing, and it details architectural patterns, concurrency models, caching, storage, coordination, messaging, transaction, deployment, and monitoring techniques for building and managing such systems.

BackendDistributed SystemsMessage Queue
0 likes · 39 min read
Why Distributed Systems Are Essential for Scaling Internet Services and How to Build Them
dbaplus Community
dbaplus Community
Nov 10, 2016 · Backend Development

Why Distributed Systems Are Essential for Scaling Modern Web Services

The article explains why distributed systems are fundamental for handling massive web traffic, detailing concepts such as high throughput, concurrency, low latency, load balancing, layered architectures, concurrency models, caching, NoSQL storage, fault tolerance, scaling, deployment, and monitoring, while highlighting practical techniques and challenges.

Distributed SystemsNoSQLScalability
0 likes · 23 min read
Why Distributed Systems Are Essential for Scaling Modern Web Services
ITPUB
ITPUB
Oct 13, 2016 · Backend Development

Boost Server Performance: Architecture, DB Tuning, and Concurrency Hacks

This guide explains how to separate application and data servers, set up load‑balanced clusters with nginx, LVS or keepalived, configure MySQL master‑slave replication and engine choices, and apply database and program‑level optimizations such as prepared statements, indexing, thread pools, and lock strategies to dramatically improve backend performance.

BackendServer Architectureload balancing
0 likes · 6 min read
Boost Server Performance: Architecture, DB Tuning, and Concurrency Hacks
dbaplus Community
dbaplus Community
Oct 9, 2016 · Backend Development

How to Design High-Concurrency Systems: Practical Strategies and Real-World Examples

This article explains what high concurrency is, its impact on servers and users, and provides concrete data‑handling techniques, architectural components, testing tools, and real‑world examples such as sign‑in, lottery, caching, message queues, first‑level cache, and static‑data strategies to build resilient backend systems.

Backend Architecturehigh concurrencyload balancing
0 likes · 16 min read
How to Design High-Concurrency Systems: Practical Strategies and Real-World Examples
ITPUB
ITPUB
Aug 30, 2016 · Operations

Build a Dual‑Master HAProxy + Keepalived Load Balancer for Zero Downtime

This guide walks through setting up a high‑availability HAProxy and Keepalived dual‑master configuration, detailing the experiment environment, installation steps, keepalived scripts, and testing procedures that ensure continuous service even if one node fails.

HAProxyLinuxServer Setup
0 likes · 6 min read
Build a Dual‑Master HAProxy + Keepalived Load Balancer for Zero Downtime
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Aug 1, 2016 · Operations

How Tencent Shifted 70M Users During Tianjin Explosion – A Multi‑Active Ops Playbook

This article details how Tencent's operations team orchestrated a seamless, zero‑impact migration of over 70 million users across three data centers during the 2015 Tianjin explosion, highlighting the four key capabilities—distribution, scheduling, data synchronization, and automated operations—that enabled multi‑active disaster recovery at massive scale.

Distributed SystemsOperationsdata synchronization
0 likes · 22 min read
How Tencent Shifted 70M Users During Tianjin Explosion – A Multi‑Active Ops Playbook
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Aug 1, 2016 · Backend Development

Evolution of Large-Scale Website Architecture: From Single Server to Distributed Services

The article outlines how mature large‑site architectures evolve from a single‑server setup to multi‑layered systems featuring separated application, data and file tiers, caching, load‑balancing, database sharding, CDN, distributed file systems, NoSQL/search, business‑level service decomposition and distributed service frameworks.

System Architecturecachingdatabase sharding
0 likes · 9 min read
Evolution of Large-Scale Website Architecture: From Single Server to Distributed Services
21CTO
21CTO
Jul 17, 2016 · Backend Development

From Single Servers to Microservices: Evolution of Web Architecture

An overview of how web system architecture has progressed from early single‑machine setups using PC servers to multi‑machine clusters, business and application splitting, distributed caching, CDN, load balancing, and service‑oriented designs, illustrating the continuous evolution toward scalable, resilient backend infrastructures.

BackendMicroservicesScalability
0 likes · 7 min read
From Single Servers to Microservices: Evolution of Web Architecture
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Jul 7, 2016 · Operations

Understanding Load Balancing and the Design of Alibaba's VIPServer

This article explains the fundamentals of load balancing, compares common techniques such as DNS round‑robin, hardware and software load balancers, discusses their advantages and drawbacks, and introduces Alibaba's VIPServer as a mid‑tier, seven‑layer load‑balancing solution with advanced health‑check and traffic‑routing features.

DNSL4/L7VIPServer
0 likes · 19 min read
Understanding Load Balancing and the Design of Alibaba's VIPServer
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Jun 24, 2016 · Backend Development

Scalable Web Architecture for Startup Companies

This article explains how startup engineers can design and implement a scalable web architecture—covering server clustering, load balancing, distributed caching, database replication, and team organization—to handle rapid user growth without compromising performance or reliability.

Database Replicationdistributed cachingload balancing
0 likes · 15 min read
Scalable Web Architecture for Startup Companies
Qunar Tech Salon
Qunar Tech Salon
Jun 23, 2016 · Operations

LVS Load Balancing Modes and Their Scheduling Algorithms

The article explains the three LVS load‑balancing modes—NAT, IP tunnel, and direct routing—and details eight scheduling algorithms (Round‑Robin, Weighted Round‑Robin, Least‑Connection, Weighted Least‑Connection, Locality‑Based, Locality‑Based with Replication, Destination Hashing, and Source Hashing), describing their principles and use cases.

LVSLinuxNetworking
0 likes · 9 min read
LVS Load Balancing Modes and Their Scheduling Algorithms
21CTO
21CTO
Jun 18, 2016 · Operations

How LVS Load Balancer Distributes Traffic: Deep Dive into DR, NAT, and TUN Modes

This article explains the architecture of Linux Virtual Server (LVS) load balancers, detailing the roles of the Director server, Real servers, shared storage, and the three primary IPVS scheduling modes—DR, NAT/FULL NAT, and TUN—including their mechanisms, advantages, and configuration considerations.

DR ModeIPVSLVS
0 likes · 14 min read
How LVS Load Balancer Distributes Traffic: Deep Dive into DR, NAT, and TUN Modes
21CTO
21CTO
Jun 17, 2016 · Backend Development

How to Build a Scalable Web Architecture for Fast‑Growing Startups

This article explains how startup engineers can design a scalable web system by separating services onto multiple servers, using load balancers, distributed caches, master‑slave replication, and team‑splitting strategies, ensuring performance and reliability as user traffic and data volumes surge.

Database Replicationbackend-developmentdistributed cache
0 likes · 15 min read
How to Build a Scalable Web Architecture for Fast‑Growing Startups
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Jun 16, 2016 · Operations

Understanding Load Balancing: L4 and L7 Concepts, Types, and Strategies

This article explains load balancing fundamentals, differentiates layer‑4 and layer‑7 balancing, describes hardware and software solutions, local and global deployment, various algorithms and health‑check methods, and discusses performance, scalability, security, and management considerations for modern network operations.

L4L7algorithm
0 likes · 23 min read
Understanding Load Balancing: L4 and L7 Concepts, Types, and Strategies
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Jun 15, 2016 · Backend Development

Design Goals, Challenges, and Evolution of Large‑Scale Website Architecture

This article examines the objectives, technical challenges, and evolutionary steps of large‑scale website architecture, covering resource separation, caching mechanisms, high‑availability techniques, CDN and distributed storage, as well as foundational design principles such as ACID/BASE and the CAP theorem.

CDNarchitecturecaching
0 likes · 10 min read
Design Goals, Challenges, and Evolution of Large‑Scale Website Architecture
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Jun 13, 2016 · Backend Development

How to Build a Scalable Web Architecture for Fast‑Growing Startups

This article explains how startup engineers can design and evolve a scalable web architecture—covering server partitioning, load balancing, distributed caching, database replication, and team organization—to handle rapid user growth without compromising performance or reliability.

Database Replicationdistributed cachingload balancing
0 likes · 16 min read
How to Build a Scalable Web Architecture for Fast‑Growing Startups
21CTO
21CTO
Jun 7, 2016 · Operations

Mastering Load Balancing: Lessons from Alibaba’s VIPServer Journey

This article explores the fundamentals and advanced techniques of load balancing, compares DNS round‑robin with dedicated load balancers, discusses scaling strategies, health‑check mechanisms, and introduces Alibaba’s VIPServer as a modern mid‑tier solution addressing real‑world operational challenges.

Distributed SystemsVIPServercloud operations
0 likes · 21 min read
Mastering Load Balancing: Lessons from Alibaba’s VIPServer Journey
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Jun 5, 2016 · Backend Development

Web System Load Balancing, Caching, and Scaling Strategies for High Traffic

This article explains how to design and optimize web system architecture—including load‑balancing methods, multi‑level caching, MySQL scaling, distributed deployment, and disaster‑recovery techniques—to handle traffic growth from hundreds of thousands to hundreds of millions of daily visits.

Backend ArchitectureDistributed Systemscaching
0 likes · 19 min read
Web System Load Balancing, Caching, and Scaling Strategies for High Traffic
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Jun 4, 2016 · Operations

Inside Stack Overflow’s Redundant Architecture: How It Scales to 170 Million Daily Visits

This article dissects Stack Overflow’s end‑to‑end architecture—covering its dual‑data‑center redundancy, physical and logical server layout, load balancing, web and service tiers, caching strategy, push system, search cluster, database design, and monitoring—showcasing how the platform achieves massive scalability and high availability.

System Architecturecachingload balancing
0 likes · 7 min read
Inside Stack Overflow’s Redundant Architecture: How It Scales to 170 Million Daily Visits
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
May 24, 2016 · Game Development

Evolution of Game Server Architectures: From Early MUDs to Modern Action MMOs

This article traces the historical progression of game server architectures—from simple HTTP‑based servers for low‑interaction mobile games, through the first‑generation MUDOS engine, second‑generation database‑driven designs, third‑generation seamless world nodes with dynamic load balancing, to specialized Battle.net, casual, and modern action MMO server models—highlighting the technical motivations and challenges at each stage.

Distributed SystemsMMONetworking
0 likes · 18 min read
Evolution of Game Server Architectures: From Early MUDs to Modern Action MMOs
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
May 19, 2016 · Backend Development

Design Principles and Practices for Scalable Distributed Web Systems

This article explains the key design principles—availability, performance, reliability, scalability, manageability and cost—and practical techniques such as service decomposition, redundancy, partitioning, caching, proxying, indexing, load balancing and queuing that enable large‑scale web applications to remain fast, reliable and cost‑effective.

Distributed SystemsScalabilitycaching
0 likes · 34 min read
Design Principles and Practices for Scalable Distributed Web Systems
Big Data and Microservices
Big Data and Microservices
May 9, 2016 · Industry Insights

How Major E‑Commerce Sites Evolve Their Architecture for Scale and Performance

This article traces the step‑by‑step evolution of large‑scale website architectures—from single‑server setups to distributed services—highlighting key techniques such as server clustering, caching, load balancing, database sharding, CDN usage, and the adoption of NoSQL and micro‑service frameworks.

Distributed SystemsScalabilityarchitecture
0 likes · 9 min read
How Major E‑Commerce Sites Evolve Their Architecture for Scale and Performance
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
May 5, 2016 · Fundamentals

Understanding Distributed Systems and Cluster Architectures: Concepts, Examples, and Strategies

This article explains the fundamental differences between distributed systems and clusters, illustrates them with real‑world examples such as Dubbo, Elasticsearch and Git, and details various cluster types, high‑availability and load‑balancing strategies, as well as fault‑tolerance mechanisms.

Distributed SystemsDubboElasticsearch
0 likes · 12 min read
Understanding Distributed Systems and Cluster Architectures: Concepts, Examples, and Strategies
21CTO
21CTO
May 4, 2016 · Operations

Mastering Load Balancing: Principles, Types, and Algorithms Explained

This article provides a comprehensive overview of load balancing, covering its core principles, the distinction between vertical and horizontal scaling, various classifications such as DNS, HTTP, IP, link‑layer, and hybrid approaches, as well as common algorithms and hardware considerations for high‑availability, high‑performance systems.

Distributed Systemshigh availabilityload balancing
0 likes · 11 min read
Mastering Load Balancing: Principles, Types, and Algorithms Explained
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Apr 28, 2016 · Backend Development

Designing Scalable Web Services: Cloning, Databases, Caching, and Asynchronous Processing

This article explains how to build a highly scalable web service by using load‑balancing, immutable server images, centralized session storage, appropriate database strategies, memory caching, and asynchronous task processing to handle millions of concurrent requests efficiently.

AsynchronousBackendDeployment
0 likes · 10 min read
Designing Scalable Web Services: Cloning, Databases, Caching, and Asynchronous Processing
21CTO
21CTO
Apr 25, 2016 · Backend Development

Scalable Backend Architecture: Load Balancing, Caching, and Platform Layers

Will Larson’s insights on building scalable systems are distilled here, covering horizontal scalability, redundancy, load balancing strategies, various caching techniques, CDN usage, offline processing with message queues, Map‑Reduce for big data, and the benefits of introducing a dedicated platform layer for robust backend architecture.

Backend ArchitectureMessage Queuecaching
0 likes · 11 min read
Scalable Backend Architecture: Load Balancing, Caching, and Platform Layers
21CTO
21CTO
Apr 23, 2016 · Operations

How to Achieve Nginx High Availability with Keepalived on Linux

This guide explains how to use Keepalived and the VRRP protocol to build a two‑node high‑availability setup for Nginx, covering installation, health‑check scripts, configuration options, testing procedures, and troubleshooting tips for seamless failover.

NginxVRRPhigh availability
0 likes · 16 min read
How to Achieve Nginx High Availability with Keepalived on Linux
21CTO
21CTO
Apr 23, 2016 · Backend Development

Nginx Load Balancing: Weighted Round Robin, IP Hash, Fair & Consistent Hash

This article examines nginx’s built‑in and extended load‑balancing algorithms—including weighted round‑robin, IP hash, fair, generic hash and consistent hash—by dissecting source code, describing implementation details, and presenting comparative performance tests that evaluate balance, consistency and fault‑tolerance across various scenarios.

IP HashNginxPerformance Testing
0 likes · 13 min read
Nginx Load Balancing: Weighted Round Robin, IP Hash, Fair & Consistent Hash
Qunar Tech Salon
Qunar Tech Salon
Mar 27, 2016 · Backend Development

Key Lessons on Designing Scalable System Architecture

Will Larson’s insights on scalable system architecture emphasize linear horizontal scalability, redundancy, load balancing strategies, caching layers, CDN usage, offline processing with message queues, and platform layering, providing practical guidance for building robust, high‑capacity backend systems.

ScalabilitySystem Architecturecaching
0 likes · 11 min read
Key Lessons on Designing Scalable System Architecture
21CTO
21CTO
Mar 25, 2016 · Operations

How Different Load‑Balancing Strategies Impact Reliability in Distributed Systems

This article examines common load‑balancing algorithms—round‑robin, random, minimum response time, minimum concurrency, and hash—analyzing their fault‑tolerance in distributed clusters, deriving success‑rate formulas, and showing why strategies like minimum concurrency outperform simple methods under node failures.

Distributed SystemsRound Robinfault tolerance
0 likes · 12 min read
How Different Load‑Balancing Strategies Impact Reliability in Distributed Systems
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Mar 19, 2016 · Backend Development

Using Nginx + Lua (ngx_lua) for High‑Performance Web Applications

This article introduces the advantages of Nginx and Lua, explains the ngx_lua module and OpenResty ecosystem, describes common architectural patterns such as load balancing and caching, and provides a step‑by‑step guide to building, configuring, and deploying a Lua‑based web application on Nginx.

LuaNginxOpenResty
0 likes · 23 min read
Using Nginx + Lua (ngx_lua) for High‑Performance Web Applications
High Availability Architecture
High Availability Architecture
Mar 18, 2016 · Backend Development

High‑Availability Architecture of Upyun Image Processing Service

The article details Upyun's high‑availability image processing architecture, covering workload‑aware system design, custom GmServer implementation, task scheduling, current strengths and limitations, and future directions such as a ServiceServer‑based queue and Docker‑driven dynamic scaling.

Backend ArchitectureCloud ServicesDocker
0 likes · 15 min read
High‑Availability Architecture of Upyun Image Processing Service
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Mar 12, 2016 · Operations

Stack Overflow Architecture Overview: Hardware, Scaling, and Infrastructure (2015)

This article provides a detailed overview of Stack Overflow's 2015 architecture, covering daily traffic growth, hardware upgrades, redundancy principles, DNS and ISP routing, HAProxy load balancing, IIS/ASP.NET web layer, Redis caching, WebSocket services, Elasticsearch search, SQL Server databases, and the open‑source tools that support the platform.

OperationsSQL ServerScalability
0 likes · 17 min read
Stack Overflow Architecture Overview: Hardware, Scaling, and Infrastructure (2015)
Qunar Tech Salon
Qunar Tech Salon
Mar 9, 2016 · Backend Development

Design and Lessons Learned from Meizu's Real-Time Message Push System

The article details Meizu's large‑scale real‑time push architecture, covering system scale, four‑layer design, power‑consumption optimizations, network reliability challenges, massive connection handling, load‑balancing strategies, strict monitoring, and gray‑release practices to ensure high performance and stability.

backend scalabilitygray releaseload balancing
0 likes · 12 min read
Design and Lessons Learned from Meizu's Real-Time Message Push System
21CTO
21CTO
Mar 6, 2016 · Operations

Inside Stack Overflow’s 2016 Architecture: Handling 61 Million Daily Requests

The article details Stack Overflow’s 2016 infrastructure upgrades—including hardware, networking, load balancing, caching, database, and service layers—that enabled the site to process over 61 million daily requests while reducing processing time by hundreds of hours.

Operationsarchitecturecaching
0 likes · 12 min read
Inside Stack Overflow’s 2016 Architecture: Handling 61 Million Daily Requests
Architect
Architect
Mar 5, 2016 · Backend Development

Design and Lessons from Meizu Real-Time Push Architecture

The article recounts Meizu architect Yu Xiaobo's presentation on the company's real‑time push system, describing its massive scale, four‑layer backend architecture, challenges such as power consumption, mobile network instability, massive connections, and the monitoring and gray‑release strategies employed to ensure reliability.

gray releasehigh concurrencyload balancing
0 likes · 12 min read
Design and Lessons from Meizu Real-Time Push Architecture
21CTO
21CTO
Mar 5, 2016 · Backend Development

How SO_REUSEPORT Boosts NGINX Performance and Enables Seamless Rolling Upgrades

NGINX 1.9.1 adds the SO_REUSEPORT socket option, allowing multiple workers to share the same IP and port, which the kernel load‑balances, reducing lock contention and dramatically improving request throughput and latency in multi‑core environments.

SO_REUSEPORTload balancingperformance tuning
0 likes · 6 min read
How SO_REUSEPORT Boosts NGINX Performance and Enables Seamless Rolling Upgrades
21CTO
21CTO
Mar 4, 2016 · Backend Development

Inside Taobao’s Billion-Request Engine: Load Balancing, CDN & Big Data

This article explains how Taobao scales to billions of daily page views using DNS‑based load balancing, LVS, domain sharding, CDN nodes, a distributed file system, sophisticated search processing, and massive data storage and real‑time log pipelines.

CDNDistributed Systemsload balancing
0 likes · 9 min read
Inside Taobao’s Billion-Request Engine: Load Balancing, CDN & Big Data
21CTO
21CTO
Mar 3, 2016 · Backend Development

Choosing the Right Load Balancing for Microservices: Centralized, In‑Process, Independent

The article explains three primary load‑balancing and service‑discovery patterns for microservice architectures—centralized external load balancers, client‑side soft load balancing, and independent host‑level LB processes—detailing their mechanisms, advantages, drawbacks, and real‑world examples such as F5/HAProxy, Netflix Eureka/Ribbon, and Airbnb SmartStack.

Backend ArchitectureDistributed SystemsMicroservices
0 likes · 5 min read
Choosing the Right Load Balancing for Microservices: Centralized, In‑Process, Independent
Java High-Performance Architecture
Java High-Performance Architecture
Mar 2, 2016 · Backend Development

Centralized, In‑Process, or Independent: Which Microservice Load‑Balancing Works Best?

The article explains three primary load‑balancing and service‑discovery patterns for microservice architectures—centralized external load balancers, client‑side soft load balancing, and independent LB processes—detailing their mechanisms, advantages, drawbacks, and real‑world examples such as Netflix Eureka, Dubbo, and Airbnb SmartStack.

Backend ArchitectureCloud NativeMicroservices
0 likes · 6 min read
Centralized, In‑Process, or Independent: Which Microservice Load‑Balancing Works Best?
21CTO
21CTO
Mar 2, 2016 · Operations

Designing Scalable Dynamic Web Platforms: Key Subsystems and Best Practices

This article outlines the architecture of large‑scale dynamic web applications, detailing essential subsystems such as the web front‑end, load balancer, database cluster, caching layer, distributed storage, server management, and code deployment, and explains how they work together to ensure reliability, scalability, and maintainability.

cachingdatabase clusteringdistributed storage
0 likes · 9 min read
Designing Scalable Dynamic Web Platforms: Key Subsystems and Best Practices
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Mar 1, 2016 · Backend Development

Design and Challenges of Meizu Real-Time Message Push System

The article details Meizu's large‑scale real‑time push architecture, covering system scale, four‑layer design, mobile power‑saving optimizations, network instability handling, massive connection techniques, load‑balancing strategies, comprehensive monitoring, and gray‑release deployment practices.

gray releasehigh concurrencyload balancing
0 likes · 11 min read
Design and Challenges of Meizu Real-Time Message Push System
21CTO
21CTO
Feb 27, 2016 · Operations

Mastering Load Balancing: Principles, Types, Algorithms, and Hardware Solutions

Load balancing distributes incoming traffic across multiple servers to enhance performance, ensure high availability, and enable horizontal scaling, with various implementations such as DNS, HTTP, IP, link‑layer, and hybrid methods, each employing algorithms like round‑robin, random, least connections, hash, and weighted distribution, plus hardware options.

Distributed SystemsHardwareScalability
0 likes · 14 min read
Mastering Load Balancing: Principles, Types, Algorithms, and Hardware Solutions
21CTO
21CTO
Feb 27, 2016 · Backend Development

Mastering Software Load Balancing: Nginx, LVS, and HAProxy Deep Dive

This article provides a comprehensive overview of software load balancing, detailing the architecture, features, performance characteristics, and various load‑balancing strategies of Nginx, LVS, and HAProxy, and explains how to choose and deploy them in different scenarios.

BackendHAProxyLVS
0 likes · 21 min read
Mastering Software Load Balancing: Nginx, LVS, and HAProxy Deep Dive
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Feb 20, 2016 · Cloud Computing

Evolution of UPYUN Cloud CDN Architecture from 2010 to 2016

The article chronicles UPYUN's cloud CDN development from its modest 30‑40 node deployment in 2010, through multiple architectural revisions, scaling to over 130 edge nodes by 2014, and outlines future plans for DNS‑based load balancing, international backbone expansion, and video/live‑stream acceleration up to 2016.

CDNEdge Computingload balancing
0 likes · 9 min read
Evolution of UPYUN Cloud CDN Architecture from 2010 to 2016
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Feb 19, 2016 · Game Development

Evolution of Game Server Architectures: From Early MUDs to Modern Action MMOs

This article surveys the progression of game server architectures across eight types, detailing how early text‑based MUD servers evolved through multi‑threaded, distributed, and seamless‑world designs to modern hybrid action/MMO back‑ends, highlighting key technologies, scaling strategies, and architectural trade‑offs.

MMOarchitecturegame server
0 likes · 19 min read
Evolution of Game Server Architectures: From Early MUDs to Modern Action MMOs
Qunar Tech Salon
Qunar Tech Salon
Feb 16, 2016 · Backend Development

Evolution and Scaling Strategies for Large Websites: Architecture, Session Management, and Database Optimization

The article reviews the evolution of large‑scale website architecture, explaining how business complexity, multi‑server deployment, session handling, load balancing, database read/write separation, caching, and search indexing together address availability, concurrency, and performance challenges in modern web systems.

Read-Write SeparationSession Managementcaching
0 likes · 16 min read
Evolution and Scaling Strategies for Large Websites: Architecture, Session Management, and Database Optimization
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Feb 16, 2016 · Backend Development

Scalable Web Architecture for Startup Companies

The article explains how internet startups can design and evolve a scalable web architecture—through service separation, clustering, load balancing, distributed caching, database replication, and effective team organization—to handle rapid user growth and avoid performance bottlenecks.

Database ReplicationWeb Developmentcaching
0 likes · 15 min read
Scalable Web Architecture for Startup Companies
21CTO
21CTO
Feb 4, 2016 · Backend Development

Key Principles for Building Scalable Distributed Web Systems

This article outlines essential design principles for large‑scale web architectures—including availability, performance, reliability, scalability, manageability and cost—and demonstrates their application through a detailed image‑hosting service example, covering services, redundancy, partitioning, caching, proxies, indexing, load balancing, and queuing to achieve efficient, scalable data access.

Data PartitioningDistributed Systemscaching
0 likes · 37 min read
Key Principles for Building Scalable Distributed Web Systems
21CTO
21CTO
Jan 30, 2016 · Operations

Designing Scalable Dynamic Web Platforms: Key Subsystems and Best Practices

This article explains how large‑scale dynamic web applications are built from core subsystems—including web front‑end, load balancing, database clustering, caching, distributed storage, server management, and code deployment—to achieve reliability, scalability, and maintainability for high‑traffic sites.

cachingdatabase clusteringdistributed storage
0 likes · 7 min read
Designing Scalable Dynamic Web Platforms: Key Subsystems and Best Practices
21CTO
21CTO
Jan 12, 2016 · Backend Development

Scalable Distributed Image Storage and Load Balancing for Web Sites

This article explains why serving many images strains web servers, outlines the challenges of I/O bottlenecks, and presents a practical, scalable solution that uses distributed image servers, dynamic load balancing, random selection algorithms, and health monitoring to improve performance for medium‑size business sites.

Backend ArchitectureScalabilitydistributed storage
0 likes · 9 min read
Scalable Distributed Image Storage and Load Balancing for Web Sites
21CTO
21CTO
Jan 9, 2016 · Operations

Step‑by‑Step Guide to Configuring an LVS Load Balancer with Direct Routing

This tutorial walks you through installing LVS on a Red Hat server, configuring the router, setting up virtual and real servers, adjusting ARP tables, and validating the cluster with ipvsadm, curl, and Tsung performance testing, all while ensuring high‑throughput static web delivery.

ClusterDirect RoutingLVS
0 likes · 11 min read
Step‑by‑Step Guide to Configuring an LVS Load Balancer with Direct Routing
21CTO
21CTO
Jan 7, 2016 · Backend Development

How to Build a High‑Performance Flash‑Sale System: Architecture, Challenges & Solutions

This article analyzes the complete flash‑sale workflow, identifies its unique characteristics and high‑concurrency technical challenges, and presents a layered architecture—including frontend static pages, request interception, queue design, database sharding, caching, optimistic locking, and anti‑cheating measures—to ensure reliability, scalability and data safety.

System Architecturedatabase shardingflash sale
0 likes · 34 min read
How to Build a High‑Performance Flash‑Sale System: Architecture, Challenges & Solutions
21CTO
21CTO
Jan 4, 2016 · Operations

Designing Scalable Website Architecture: 5 Essential Layers Explained

This article outlines a five‑layer website architecture—web cache, load balancer, web server, file server, and database—illustrated with high‑traffic e‑commerce, ad, and CDN portals, and provides practical recommendations on software choices, high‑availability setups, and performance optimization for each layer.

Database Optimizationcachingfile servers
0 likes · 12 min read
Designing Scalable Website Architecture: 5 Essential Layers Explained
21CTO
21CTO
Dec 18, 2015 · Backend Development

How to Build Scalable Flash Sale Systems: Tackling High‑Concurrency Challenges

This article examines the technical difficulties of e‑commerce flash‑sale and ticket‑buying spikes, explains why massive concurrent requests strain web back‑ends, and presents practical design, overload‑protection, anti‑cheat, and data‑safety strategies such as CDN, Redis, locking, and IP filtering.

backend optimizationflash salehigh concurrency
0 likes · 16 min read
How to Build Scalable Flash Sale Systems: Tackling High‑Concurrency Challenges
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Dec 18, 2015 · Backend Development

Mastering Reverse Proxy with Nginx: Windows Load‑Balancing for IIS Sites

This article explains reverse proxy concepts, introduces Nginx’s core features and architecture, and provides a step‑by‑step guide to set up Nginx on Windows as a reverse‑proxy and load‑balancer for IIS‑hosted ASP.NET sites, including service registration, configuration tuning, static‑file caching, and testing.

IISNginxWeb server
0 likes · 16 min read
Mastering Reverse Proxy with Nginx: Windows Load‑Balancing for IIS Sites
ITPUB
ITPUB
Dec 11, 2015 · Backend Development

Inside Meizu’s Real‑Time Push System: Architecture, Challenges & Solutions

This article presents a detailed walkthrough of Meizu’s real‑time push platform, covering its four‑layer architecture, high‑concurrency design, micro‑service RPC framework, power‑saving strategies, duplicate‑message handling, DNS reliability, load‑balancing tactics, monitoring setup, and gray‑release deployment.

BackendMicroservicesReal-Time
0 likes · 11 min read
Inside Meizu’s Real‑Time Push System: Architecture, Challenges & Solutions
Architect
Architect
Dec 4, 2015 · Operations

Evolution of Qiniu Cloud Data Processing Architecture

The article explains how Qiniu's data processing platform has evolved from a simple real‑time URL‑based model to a more complex architecture featuring separate caching, agent services, discover monitoring, and container‑based elastic scaling to handle massive unstructured data workloads.

Real-time Processingcloud architecturecontainerization
0 likes · 9 min read
Evolution of Qiniu Cloud Data Processing Architecture
21CTO
21CTO
Nov 28, 2015 · Backend Development

Key Principles for Building Scalable Distributed Web Architectures

This article outlines essential design principles—availability, performance, reliability, scalability, manageability, and cost—and practical techniques such as service separation, redundancy, partitioning, caching, proxies, indexing, load balancing, and queuing to help engineers construct high‑performance, fault‑tolerant web systems.

backend designcachingload balancing
0 likes · 36 min read
Key Principles for Building Scalable Distributed Web Architectures
21CTO
21CTO
Nov 21, 2015 · Backend Development

How Large-Scale Websites Evolve Their Architecture for Performance and Scalability

This article traces the evolution of large‑scale website architectures—from single‑server setups to distributed services—detailing how separation of concerns, caching, load balancing, database sharding, CDN, reverse proxies, NoSQL, and service decomposition collectively improve performance, scalability, and reliability.

Distributed SystemsScalabilitycaching
0 likes · 8 min read
How Large-Scale Websites Evolve Their Architecture for Performance and Scalability
Java High-Performance Architecture
Java High-Performance Architecture
Nov 13, 2015 · Operations

How LVS Chooses Servers: Exploring Round‑Robin, Weighted and Least‑Connection Algorithms

This article explains how Linux Virtual Server (LVS) distributes incoming requests among backend machines, detailing four common scheduling algorithms—simple round‑robin, weighted round‑robin, least‑connections, and weighted least‑connections—along with example code and a visual illustration of request allocation.

LVSLeast ConnectionsRound Robin
0 likes · 4 min read
How LVS Chooses Servers: Exploring Round‑Robin, Weighted and Least‑Connection Algorithms
Node Underground
Node Underground
Nov 10, 2015 · Backend Development

Mastering Node.js Multi‑Process: Load Balancing, Graceful Shutdown & IPC

This article explains how to build a robust multi‑process Node.js server using the cluster module, covering round‑robin load balancing, graceful worker shutdown, process monitoring, and inter‑process communication with code examples for both master and worker processes.

ClusterGraceful ShutdownIPC
0 likes · 15 min read
Mastering Node.js Multi‑Process: Load Balancing, Graceful Shutdown & IPC
Java High-Performance Architecture
Java High-Performance Architecture
Nov 5, 2015 · Backend Development

From One Server to Scalable Architecture: A Step-by-Step Evolution Guide

This article outlines the typical progression of website architecture from a single‑server setup through service separation, caching, clustering, read/write splitting, CDN, reverse proxy, distributed storage, NoSQL, and business‑level service decomposition, providing a clear roadmap for scaling web systems.

BackendCDNDistributed Systems
0 likes · 5 min read
From One Server to Scalable Architecture: A Step-by-Step Evolution Guide
21CTO
21CTO
Nov 4, 2015 · Backend Development

From MUD to Modern MMOs: How Game Server Architecture Evolved

This article traces the evolution of game server architectures from the first MUD systems in 1978 through successive generations—including HTTP‑based card/runner servers, the MUDOS engine, split‑world models, seamless world servers, Battle.net, casual and modern action MMOs—highlighting design choices, scalability challenges, and practical trade‑offs.

BackendMMOMUD
0 likes · 21 min read
From MUD to Modern MMOs: How Game Server Architecture Evolved
Node Underground
Node Underground
Nov 3, 2015 · Backend Development

Unlocking Node.js Multi‑Process Power: How Cluster and Fork Boost Performance

This article examines Node.js’s early criticisms about reliability and single‑threaded limits, then explains how the built‑in cluster module and fork() enable multi‑process deployment, load balancing, and communication, illustrated with code demos, performance insights, and a look at nginx proxy integration.

ClusterNginxNode.js
0 likes · 9 min read
Unlocking Node.js Multi‑Process Power: How Cluster and Fork Boost Performance
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Oct 30, 2015 · Backend Development

Scalable Web Architecture for Startup Companies

The article explains how startup engineers can design and evolve a scalable web architecture—through service separation, clustering, load balancing, distributed caching, database replication, and effective team organization—to handle rapid user growth and maintain performance without compromising user experience.

Database Replicationcachingload balancing
0 likes · 16 min read
Scalable Web Architecture for Startup Companies
Architect
Architect
Oct 24, 2015 · Backend Development

Designing a Complete Distributed Server Cluster Architecture for Large Websites

This article outlines a comprehensive distributed server cluster architecture for large‑scale websites, covering the evolution from simple three‑tier setups to high‑availability load‑balancing with HAProxy/Keepalived, Redis caching, NoSQL storage, and future distributed MySQL considerations.

Distributed SystemsHAProxyload balancing
0 likes · 8 min read
Designing a Complete Distributed Server Cluster Architecture for Large Websites
21CTO
21CTO
Oct 21, 2015 · Operations

10 Proven Strategies to Supercharge Your Web App Performance

This article presents ten practical techniques—including reverse proxy deployment, load balancing, caching, compression, SSL/TLS optimization, HTTP/2 adoption, Linux kernel tuning, and real‑time monitoring—to dramatically improve the responsiveness and reliability of web applications and services.

Linux TuningWeb Performancecaching
0 likes · 8 min read
10 Proven Strategies to Supercharge Your Web App Performance
21CTO
21CTO
Oct 21, 2015 · Backend Development

How to Eliminate DNS Lookups for Faster Mobile App HTTP Requests

This article explains why DNS resolution slows down mobile app traffic, compares the traditional PC‑era HTTP flow with wireless app challenges, and presents a DNS‑free optimization that uses a locally cached IP list to improve latency, load balancing, and resilience.

DNSHTTPbackend optimization
0 likes · 5 min read
How to Eliminate DNS Lookups for Faster Mobile App HTTP Requests
21CTO
21CTO
Oct 20, 2015 · Backend Development

Scaling a Web System to 100M Daily Visits: Load Balancing, Caching, and Architecture

This article explains how a web system can grow from 100,000 to 100 million daily visits by introducing multi‑level caching, various load‑balancing strategies, MySQL performance tuning, distributed database setups, and geographic deployment to maintain stability and performance under massive traffic.

Database OptimizationDistributed Systemscaching
0 likes · 21 min read
Scaling a Web System to 100M Daily Visits: Load Balancing, Caching, and Architecture
21CTO
21CTO
Oct 10, 2015 · Backend Development

How to Choose the Right Session Management Strategy for Scalable Web Applications

With growing website traffic, single‑machine deployments struggle, so this article examines four session‑management strategies—session stickiness, replication, centralized storage, and cookie‑based approaches—detailing their mechanisms, advantages, and drawbacks to help you select the best solution for scalable web applications.

Distributed SystemsSession Managementbackend scaling
0 likes · 6 min read
How to Choose the Right Session Management Strategy for Scalable Web Applications
Qunar Tech Salon
Qunar Tech Salon
Sep 28, 2015 · Backend Development

Web System Scaling: Load Balancing, Caching, and Database Optimization Strategies

The article explains how a web system can evolve from handling 100,000 daily visits to over 100 million by implementing multi‑level load‑balancing, various caching strategies, MySQL optimization, distributed database architectures, and geographic deployment to ensure performance, reliability, and scalability.

cachingload balancingmysql
0 likes · 19 min read
Web System Scaling: Load Balancing, Caching, and Database Optimization Strategies
Java High-Performance Architecture
Java High-Performance Architecture
Sep 25, 2015 · Operations

Understanding Load Balancing: HTTP Redirects, Reverse Proxies, IP & DNS Methods

Load balancing distributes traffic across multiple servers using techniques such as HTTP redirects, reverse‑proxy (layer‑7) routing, IP‑based (layer‑4) balancing, and DNS round‑robin, each with distinct advantages and drawbacks regarding performance, scalability, configuration complexity, and fault tolerance.

Application LayerDNSIPVS
0 likes · 5 min read
Understanding Load Balancing: HTTP Redirects, Reverse Proxies, IP & DNS Methods
21CTO
21CTO
Sep 23, 2015 · Backend Development

How to Tackle 50k QPS Flash Sales: Backend Strategies for Extreme Concurrency

This article explores the challenges of handling tens of thousands of requests per second in flash‑sale systems, covering interface design, QPS calculations, overload protection, anti‑cheat measures, and data‑safety techniques such as pessimistic, optimistic, and queue‑based locking.

backend optimizationflash salehigh concurrency
0 likes · 16 min read
How to Tackle 50k QPS Flash Sales: Backend Strategies for Extreme Concurrency
21CTO
21CTO
Sep 16, 2015 · Operations

Master Nginx: From Installation to Load Balancing and Service Scripts

This guide walks through testing Nginx configuration, starting the server, understanding its load‑balancing architecture, installing from source with required dependencies, handling common build errors, reviewing the final configuration summary, and creating a Linux init script for reliable service management.

ConfigurationInstallationNginx
0 likes · 10 min read
Master Nginx: From Installation to Load Balancing and Service Scripts
Architects' Tech Alliance
Architects' Tech Alliance
Sep 8, 2015 · Operations

Advanced Load Balancing and Link Failover for DDBoost

The article explains how to create an application‑level interface group for DDBoost to aggregate multiple Data Domain IP interfaces into a private network group, achieving load balancing, fault‑tolerant data transfer, and notes performance considerations such as avoiding mixed‑capacity links.

DDBoostData Domainfailover
0 likes · 3 min read
Advanced Load Balancing and Link Failover for DDBoost
Java High-Performance Architecture
Java High-Performance Architecture
Sep 5, 2015 · Operations

How Does Nginx Detect Unhealthy Servers? Passive vs Active Health Checks Explained

NGINX determines server health through passive checks—stopping forwarding after failures—and active health checks, which periodically probe each backend using the health_check directive, allowing configuration of intervals, failure thresholds, custom URIs, and response matching criteria to ensure reliable load balancing.

Operationsactive checkhealth check
0 likes · 4 min read
How Does Nginx Detect Unhealthy Servers? Passive vs Active Health Checks Explained
Java High-Performance Architecture
Java High-Performance Architecture
Sep 4, 2015 · Backend Development

Master Nginx Load Balancing: Round Robin, Least Conn, Least Time, IP & Generic Hash

This guide outlines the five primary Nginx load‑balancing methods—Round Robin, Least Connections, Least Time (header or last_byte), IP Hash, and generic Hash—explaining how each algorithm works and showing the corresponding upstream configuration syntax for assigning server weights and parameters.

BackendHashLeast Connections
0 likes · 3 min read
Master Nginx Load Balancing: Round Robin, Least Conn, Least Time, IP & Generic Hash
21CTO
21CTO
Aug 25, 2015 · Backend Development

Scalable System Design: Load Balancing, Caching, and Platform Strategies

Drawing on Will Larson’s insights, this article outlines essential principles for building horizontally scalable systems—including linear capacity growth, redundancy, load‑balancing techniques, caching strategies, CDN usage, offline processing with message queues, and the benefits of a dedicated platform layer for robust, maintainable backend architectures.

cachingload balancing
0 likes · 12 min read
Scalable System Design: Load Balancing, Caching, and Platform Strategies
21CTO
21CTO
Aug 18, 2015 · Fundamentals

How to Build Horizontally Scalable Systems: Lessons from Will Larson

This article distills Will Larson’s insights on designing scalable systems, covering linear capacity growth, redundancy, load‑balancing strategies, multi‑layer caching, cache invalidation, offline processing with message queues, Map‑Reduce integration, and the benefits of a dedicated platform layer.

Message Queuecachinghorizontal scaling
0 likes · 11 min read
How to Build Horizontally Scalable Systems: Lessons from Will Larson
21CTO
21CTO
Aug 8, 2015 · Backend Development

How to Build Horizontally Scalable Systems: Load Balancing, Caching, and More

The article distills Will Larson’s insights on designing horizontally scalable systems, covering linear capacity growth, redundancy, load‑balancing strategies, caching layers, CDN usage, offline processing with message queues, Map‑Reduce for big data, and the benefits of introducing a platform layer to improve robustness and reusability.

Distributed Systemscachingload balancing
0 likes · 12 min read
How to Build Horizontally Scalable Systems: Load Balancing, Caching, and More