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networking fundamentals

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Cognitive Technology Team
Cognitive Technology Team
Jun 1, 2025 · Fundamentals

Understanding TCP and UDP Sockets and Port Usage

This tutorial explains the basic concepts of TCP and UDP protocols, their differences, how network ports work, and demonstrates through examples whether TCP and UDP sockets can share the same port number.

Network PortsSocketsTCP
0 likes · 7 min read
Understanding TCP and UDP Sockets and Port Usage
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
May 5, 2024 · Fundamentals

Master Computer Network Fundamentals with 38 Comprehensive Mind Maps

This article presents a curated collection of 38 detailed mind maps that systematically cover essential computer network concepts—from transmission media and Ethernet frames to IP addressing, routing protocols, VLANs, and VPNs—helping readers visualize and master the fundamentals efficiently.

Computer NetworksIPv6Mind Maps
0 likes · 5 min read
Master Computer Network Fundamentals with 38 Comprehensive Mind Maps
Selected Java Interview Questions
Selected Java Interview Questions
Mar 21, 2022 · Fundamentals

Understanding the OSI and TCP/IP Network Layer Models

This article explains the OSI seven‑layer model and the TCP/IP four‑layer model, describing each layer's responsibilities, protocols, and a step‑by‑step example of how an email travels from the application layer down to the physical medium and back.

OSI modelTCP/IPnetwork layers
0 likes · 16 min read
Understanding the OSI and TCP/IP Network Layer Models
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Apr 29, 2021 · Fundamentals

Mastering DNS: From Basics to Advanced Configuration and Security

This article explains the fundamentals of the Domain Name System, its distributed architecture, TCP/UDP usage, hierarchical structure, top‑level domains, resolution workflow, caching, smart routing, BIND configuration, load balancing, sub‑domain delegation, debugging tools, and security considerations such as amplification attacks.

BINDDNSDomain Name System
0 likes · 19 min read
Mastering DNS: From Basics to Advanced Configuration and Security
Architects' Tech Alliance
Architects' Tech Alliance
Nov 28, 2020 · Fundamentals

Understanding MPLS: Principles, Architecture, and Implementation

This article provides a comprehensive overview of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), covering its origins, definition, working principles, architectural components, label operations, LSP creation, and deployment methods, illustrating how MPLS enhances routing efficiency, VPN services, traffic engineering, and QoS in modern networks.

LSPLabel SwitchingMPLS
0 likes · 12 min read
Understanding MPLS: Principles, Architecture, and Implementation
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Nov 11, 2020 · Fundamentals

Why Does TCP Need a Three‑Way Handshake? A Simple Analogy Explained

The article uses a humorous long‑distance video‑chat scenario to illustrate why TCP requires a three‑way handshake for connection establishment and a four‑step termination, explaining each packet exchange, flag meanings, and related concepts such as half‑open connections and SYN‑flood attacks.

SYN attackTCPfour-way termination
0 likes · 11 min read
Why Does TCP Need a Three‑Way Handshake? A Simple Analogy Explained
Architecture Digest
Architecture Digest
Oct 13, 2020 · Fundamentals

Understanding TCP Protocol: Header Fields, Three‑Way Handshake, and Four‑Way Teardown

This article explains the TCP protocol’s header structure, the purpose of each field, how the three‑way handshake establishes a reliable connection, why three steps are needed, and the four‑step process used to gracefully close a TCP session, including verification with Wireshark.

Four-way TeardownSocketTCP
0 likes · 13 min read
Understanding TCP Protocol: Header Fields, Three‑Way Handshake, and Four‑Way Teardown
Efficient Ops
Efficient Ops
Jun 26, 2019 · Fundamentals

Why Does TCP Need a Three‑Way Handshake and a Four‑Way Teardown? Explained

This article explains the OSI model, the TCP/IP protocol suite, and in detail how TCP establishes connections with a three‑way handshake and terminates them with a four‑way handshake, including the reasons behind each step and related security considerations.

OSI modelTCPTCP/IP
0 likes · 12 min read
Why Does TCP Need a Three‑Way Handshake and a Four‑Way Teardown? Explained
Java Captain
Java Captain
Mar 4, 2019 · Fundamentals

Understanding the OSI 5‑Layer Model: How Computers Locate and Communicate with Each Other

This article explains, in plain language, how the five‑layer OSI model enables two distant computers to discover each other, establish a connection, and reliably exchange data by detailing the roles of the physical, data‑link, network, transport, and application layers.

IP addressingMAC addressOSI model
0 likes · 12 min read
Understanding the OSI 5‑Layer Model: How Computers Locate and Communicate with Each Other