The article explains the rapidly expanding AI Agent protocol stack, clarifies that protocols form layered, non‑competing standards such as MCP, A2A, AG‑UI, A2UI, AP2 and UCP, and offers practical guidance on when and how to adopt each layer in real‑world scenarios.
UALink is an open, high‑performance interconnect standard designed to link thousands of AI accelerators, offering NVLink‑level bandwidth, low latency, scalability, cost efficiency, and flexible topologies to meet the demanding communication needs of modern AI workloads.
Using a familiar chat example, this article walks through the OSI seven‑layer model, illustrating each layer’s role—from the application’s HTTP request to the physical bitstream—through analogies with parcel delivery, complete with data format transformations and visual diagrams.
This article explains the complete network communication process for HTTP, covering the OSI and TCP/IP models, DNS lookup, protocol stack handling, TCP handshakes, IP routing, MAC addressing, switches, routers, Ethernet transmission, and server-side packet de‑encapsulation.
The article examines three Android Bluetooth stack flaws—CVE‑2020‑27024 in the SMP pairing protocol, CVE‑2021‑0918 in GATT notifications, and CVE‑2021‑39805 in L2CAP signaling—detailing their out‑of‑bounds memory errors, underlying code issues, and implications for future Rust‑based stack security.
This article examines the complexity of the Bluetooth protocol stack, focusing on Android’s Host layer vulnerabilities, and provides detailed analyses of three critical CVEs—CVE‑2020‑27024 (SMP), CVE‑2021‑0918 (GATT), and CVE‑2021‑39805 (L2CAP)—including protocol overviews, code excerpts, and exploitation paths.
This article explains the history, standards, layered architecture, and step‑by‑step packet transmission of the TCP/IP suite, detailing each protocol’s role from the physical link up to the application layer and illustrating how data traverses the network.
This article walks through the complete lifecycle of a web request, from entering a URL and DNS resolution, through HTTP and TCP processing, IP routing, ARP resolution, and Ethernet framing, explaining each protocol layer's role in encapsulation and de‑encapsulation.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of InfiniBand technology, covering its open‑standard architecture, history, OFED software stack, protocol layers, performance advantages over traditional storage networks, and its primary use cases in high‑performance computing and data‑center environments.
This article explains how the Internet works by breaking the Internet Protocol Suite into a simplified five‑layer model, covering the physical, link, network, transport, and application layers, their protocols, addressing schemes, and how data moves from hardware to user applications.
