Discord’s engineering team migrated its backend and infrastructure development to Linux‑based cloud development environments using Coder, gaining immutable, reproducible, and secure workspaces while navigating challenges like latency, network reliability, and the need for seamless developer onboarding.
This article explains how to achieve graceful service startup and shutdown in Java projects, covering monolithic and microservice architectures, Spring and SpringBoot mechanisms, service registration with Eureka and Nacos, Kubernetes probes, thread‑pool and MQ graceful termination, and provides practical code examples for each scenario.
This article explains key Kubernetes configurations—such as pod replicas, pod anti‑affinity, deployment strategies, graceful termination, probes, resource allocation, scaling, and disruption budgets—to achieve high availability and zero‑downtime deployments for containerized applications in production.
This article explains cloud‑native architecture, covering its definition, core concepts such as microservices, containerization, automation, storage, networking, and the guiding principles of service orientation, elastic scaling, and observability that together enable highly available, scalable, and agile applications.
This article introduces Istio as a cloud-native service mesh, outlines its core features—traffic management, policy control, observability, and security—compares it with Spring Cloud, and explains its data-plane and control-plane architecture, including the sidecar deployment model.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Istio, explaining its role as an open‑source service mesh for cloud‑native microservices, detailing the data plane and control plane components, sidecar proxy functions, traffic management, security, and monitoring while also promoting related learning resources.
This article explains the basic functions of CPUs and GPUs, their advanced capabilities and real‑world applications, and compares their architectures, processing models, and roles in environments such as IoT, mobile devices, Kubernetes, and AI workloads.
This article explains what Kubernetes Operators are, how they work by defining custom resources and controllers, outlines their advantages and typical use cases such as database and messaging system management, and provides a step‑by‑step example of building a simple virtual‑machine Operator.
The article introduces ACK One Serverless Argo Workflows, a fully managed cloud‑native workflow service that adds chunked large‑file uploads, automatic artifact garbage collection, and OSS streaming download to overcome limitations of the open‑source Argo Workflows in high‑volume data scenarios.
This guide walks you through installing Docker Desktop on Windows, activating a single‑node Kubernetes cluster, deploying the Kuboard management UI, and finally creating and testing an Nginx deployment using Kuboard’s graphical interface and command‑line tools.
This article examines the Terway DataPath V2 mode in Alibaba Cloud Kubernetes, detailing its architecture, data‑plane forwarding paths, eBPF acceleration, and eight typical traffic scenarios across different ENI and node configurations, while providing practical command‑line examples and performance insights.
This article explains how to construct high‑performance RoCE v2 and InfiniBand networks within a cloud‑native Kubernetes environment, detailing the underlying technologies, required components, configuration steps, and performance test results that demonstrate significant communication speed improvements for large‑scale AI model training.
K3s is a CNCF‑certified lightweight Kubernetes distribution designed for edge, IoT and developer environments, offering faster installation, lower resource usage, and simplified management, and the article compares its scale, deployment, resource consumption, and ecosystem with full‑size Kubernetes to help choose the appropriate solution.
This article explains the challenges of load balancing traffic across multiple Kubernetes clusters, reviews the shortcomings of commercial, public‑cloud, Karmada, and simple DNS approaches, and details how the open‑source k8gb project uses DNS and CoreDNS to provide an automated, cloud‑native GSLB solution with failover and multi‑cloud support.
This article walks through diagnosing and resolving two common Kubernetes issues—node memory leaks caused by kmem accounting and expired cluster certificates—by showing how to detect the problems, rebuild runc and kubelet, and extend certificate validity using kubeadm and manifest edits.
This interview recounts Hervé Le Meur’s path from a B2B marketing consultant to a Jenkins infrastructure SRE, detailing his work with Jenkins X, Kubernetes, CI/CD pipelines, and the lessons he shares for newcomers to open‑source contributions.
OpenKruise v1.6, an Alibaba‑backed CNCF‑incubated cloud‑native automation suite, introduces leader‑election leases, enhanced multi‑domain workload spreading, image pre‑warming with an Always pull policy, and delete‑protection for Service and Ingress, while outlining upgrade requirements, known issues, and upcoming roadmap.
This guide walks you through Kyverno, the CNCF‑graduated Kubernetes policy engine, covering its architecture, high‑availability installation, creation of validation, mutation, generation, and cleanup policies, as well as advanced features like variables, JMESPath expressions, and integration with Helm and the Kyverno Playground.
Kubernetes v1.30, released in 2024, introduces 45 major updates—including GA for pod scheduling readiness, interactive kubectl delete, CEL‑based admission control, container‑based HPA, new service trafficDistribution, indexed job success policies, volume manager reconstruction, hostIPs list, node log query, default node swap, and recursive read‑only mounts—providing a more conservative yet feature‑rich evolution of the platform.
This guide introduces K8sGPT, explains its prerequisites, shows how to install it via Homebrew, and provides step‑by‑step commands to authenticate, configure filters, analyze clusters, and retrieve detailed explanations, enabling engineers to quickly diagnose and optimize Kubernetes environments.
This article compiles several Zhihu contributors' perspectives on adopting Kubernetes, weighing cost, operational benefits, potential pitfalls, and practical command‑line examples to help developers decide whether container orchestration truly fits their projects.
This article examines Kubernetes’ Kubelet component through an object‑oriented lens, detailing its role, key responsibilities, abstract properties and methods, and illustrating implementation steps such as resource checks and pod scheduling, to show how OO abstraction clarifies complex system behavior.
Learn how to integrate Alibaba Cloud's low‑cost spot (preemptible) instances with Knative serverless workloads, configure pod annotations, handle automatic replacement, monitor eviction events, and apply best‑practice YAML settings to achieve cost‑effective, resilient deployments on a cloud‑native platform.
Deploying large language models demands massive compute, flexible scaling, and robust resource management, and this article explains how Kubernetes’s auto‑scaling, portability, cloud‑native features, observability tools, and multi‑tenant isolation make it the optimal platform for training, serving, and iterating LLM workloads.
This guide explains how to configure Istio locality‑based load balancing and failover across Kubernetes zones and regions, providing hands‑on scripts, YAML examples, and validation steps to ensure resilient microservice traffic routing in cloud‑native environments.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Kubernetes, covering its core container‑operation capabilities, component architecture, two‑site three‑center design, multi‑layer service discovery, pod shared resources, common CNI plugins, layered load balancing, isolation dimensions, network model principles, and IP address classifications.
Facing the complexities of running stateful services like Elasticsearch and ClickHouse in production, Bilibili’s infrastructure team detailed their migration to Kubernetes, describing the architectural design, custom operators, storage provisioning with LVM, network configuration, high‑availability strategies, observability, and the resulting cost, quality, and efficiency gains.
The article explains the drawbacks of token pass‑through in microservice authentication, advocates explicit parameter passing, outlines unified gateway authentication with Feign or Dubbo, explores Kubernetes‑integrated deployment options, and concludes with a promotional invitation to a technical community.
This guide explains how to monitor Kubernetes events, differentiate normal and warning events, and use tools like kube-eventer and kube-event-exporter to collect, alert on, and analyze cluster events through webhook, Kafka, Logstash, and Elasticsearch, enabling comprehensive observability and troubleshooting.
This article presents Li Auto’s end‑to‑end data integration journey, detailing the evolution of its data platform, the challenges of heterogeneous sources, and how a unified Flink‑on‑K8s solution with cloud‑native architecture, operator management, monitoring, and checkpointing addresses batch‑stream convergence and future scalability.
This article explains the concept of kube‑on‑kube—creating a Kubernetes meta‑cluster to manage other clusters via declarative APIs—detailing its architecture, controller design, execution flow, and step‑by‑step code walkthrough including CRD definitions, Docker images, and deployment procedures.
This article explains the core concepts of GitOps, outlines the advantages of using ACK One GitOps for multi‑cluster, hybrid‑cloud continuous delivery, and provides step‑by‑step guidance, code examples, and security configurations for Argo CD, ApplicationSets, RBAC, and secret management.
This comprehensive guide explains DevOps fundamentals—including continuous integration, delivery, and deployment—covers automation tools such as Jenkins, Docker, and Kubernetes, presents best‑practice recommendations, and showcases successful case studies from Netflix and Etsy, helping teams accelerate and stabilize software delivery.
Instead of forwarding JWTs through every microservice, the gateway should validate the token, extract the userId and send it as a header, keeping internal services stateless, while developers can choose among Feign, Dubbo, or combined Spring‑Boot/Dubbo patterns, optionally using a shared auth module and Kubernetes ingress for discovery, as the optimal architecture depends on project needs.
The article compares three popular single‑node Kubernetes management tools—minikube, kind, and k3d—detailing their features, ideal use cases, and benchmark results on image size, startup time, and memory consumption to help developers choose the most suitable solution for local or CI environments.
This article explains why Kubernetes list results are alphabetically ordered, how the WatchCache and WatchList mechanisms affect ordering and performance, and examines the underlying Etcd behavior, code implementations, and ongoing community efforts to improve consistency and latency.
This article details how a large ride‑hailing platform tackled container scaling delays and cost inefficiencies by adopting Alibaba Cloud ACK's Advanced Horizontal Pod Autoscaler, combining ECS and Elastic Container Instances, customizing scheduling policies, and injecting sidecars into virtual nodes to achieve proactive, cost‑effective elasticity.
This article explores the GitOps approach for cloud‑native environments, detailing its principles, benefits, and step‑by‑step implementation—including standardized content storage, declarative configuration, automated deployment/rollback, and change verification—to boost development efficiency and reliability.
This article explains how to achieve zero‑downtime releases for Java applications by using JVM shutdown hooks, Spring context events, and service‑registry tricks for both monolithic and microservice architectures, with concrete code samples, configuration details, and Kubernetes probes to ensure seamless online upgrades.
This article examines the pitfalls of token pass‑through authentication in microservices, proposes explicit userId parameter passing, compares unified auth approaches using Spring Cloud Gateway with Feign or Dubbo, and explores non‑unified alternatives, including K8s Ingress integration and practical code examples.
This article explains the concept of graceful shutdown, walks through a Kubernetes pod termination flow, demonstrates a Spring Boot + Nacos example with PreStop hooks, identifies common pitfalls, and provides practical optimizations—including MQ handling, scheduled tasks, traffic control, and actuator shutdown—to achieve reliable, zero‑downtime service termination.
This article explains how Kubernetes serves as a middle layer between applications and servers, detailing its control plane and node components, the role of pods, containers, and the deployment process using YAML and kubectl, and how it simplifies scaling, restarting, and service access.
The article compares several microservice internal‑call strategies—including token‑pass-through, Feign, Dubbo, Spring Boot Web with Dubbo, and K8s‑integrated approaches—explaining their advantages, drawbacks, and how to implement unified authentication while keeping APIs stateless and reusable.
This article explains the performance and development challenges of end‑to‑end AI/Big Data workflows on Kubernetes and shows how combining Fluid’s data orchestration with Vineyard’s zero‑copy sharing can dramatically improve efficiency, followed by a step‑by‑step tutorial with code examples.
IntelliJ IDEA 2023.3 introduces a production‑ready AI Assistant, full Java 21 support with virtual threads and pattern‑matching switch, a Run‑to‑Cursor debugging feature, a floating toolbar with quick edit actions, out‑of‑the‑box Kubernetes tooling, and numerous UI enhancements for a smoother developer experience.
The article presents LightPool, a cloud‑native storage‑pooling solution that leverages NVMe‑over‑Fabric, Kubernetes‑based scheduling, and a lightweight user‑space engine to deliver high‑performance, low‑cost, and highly available storage for large‑scale distributed databases while eliminating traditional bottlenecks.
This article details ByteDance's large‑scale evolution of Spark Shuffle to a cloud‑native architecture, describing background, stability and mixed‑resource scenarios, challenges such as CPU and I/O limits, custom ESS enhancements, shuffle throttling, spill‑split mechanisms, and the Cloud Shuffle Service with its push‑based design and performance gains.
Kubernetes v1.30 introduces a range of exciting enhancements—including structured DRA parameters, revamped swap support, beta user‑namespace pods, structured authorization config, container‑resource‑based autoscaling, and CEL‑enabled admission control—each aimed at improving flexibility, security, and operational stability for cloud‑native workloads.
The article discusses why forwarding raw tokens between microservices is discouraged, recommends passing explicit user identifiers after gateway authentication, compares Feign and Dubbo internal‑call approaches, explores gateway‑less designs, and shows how to integrate authentication with Kubernetes deployments.
This guide walks you through using Alibaba Cloud MSE microservice engine and the Cloud Efficient AppStack platform to set up a gray‑release environment for Spring Cloud applications, covering prerequisite setup, baseline deployment, gray lane creation, pipeline integration, verification, and cleanup.
This article provides a thorough checklist covering application deployment, service governance, and cluster configuration in Kubernetes, including health probes, graceful shutdown, fault tolerance, resource limits, labeling, logging, scaling, RBAC, network policies, and compliance with CIS benchmarks.
Discover 13 practical Kubernetes techniques—including PreStop hooks, automatic secret rotation, ephemeral containers, custom metric autoscaling, init containers, node affinity, taints and tolerations, pod priority, ConfigMaps, debugging tools, resource requests, CRDs, and API automation—to enhance application reliability, scalability, and security in cloud‑native environments.
This article explains the relationship between API gateways and service meshes, compares four methods for exposing services inside an Istio mesh, and provides a step‑by‑step guide to using Nginx Ingress Controller as the mesh entry point.
This guide shows how to enable Horizontal Pod Autoscaling for traffic‑driven workloads by leveraging cAdvisor's container network receive and transmit byte counters, converting them to per‑second rates with Prometheus‑adapter, and validating the custom metric through Kubernetes commands and console views.
DBOS, a database‑driven cloud‑native operating system founded by Michael Stonebraker and Matei Zaharia, aims to replace traditional OS state management with SQL‑based databases, offering enhanced security, rapid ransomware recovery, and seamless integration with Kubernetes and Firecracker hypervisors.
This guide explains why distributed tracing is needed, how Istio uses Jaeger as the tracing backend, the required request‑header propagation, step‑by‑step deployment of Jaeger and the Bookinfo demo on Kubernetes, and how to inspect and interpret the generated spans.
This article describes how 360 unified Kubernetes pod networking with OpenStack VPC by developing a custom CNI plugin that leverages Neutron elastic ports, IPVLAN L2 mode, and OVS to achieve layer‑2 connectivity between VMs and pods, including detailed implementation steps and command examples.
This document details the motivation, technology selection, overall architecture, data‑plane and control‑plane design, key implementation challenges such as HTTPS interception, precise URL monitoring, and plugin extensibility, and outlines future directions for scaling service mesh within the organization.
This multi‑chapter guide provides in‑depth, hands‑on instruction for configuring and optimizing all Prometheus components, exploring Kubernetes monitoring, source‑code analysis, custom exporter development, high‑availability setups, service discovery, resource‑efficient scraping, and integrating Thanos for long‑term storage.
This article traces the history of container technology—from the 1979 chroot command and Linux namespaces to cgroups, LXC, Docker, Kubernetes, and modern cloud‑native services like Huawei CCE—explaining each milestone’s purpose, advantages, and impact on software deployment.
This article explains how Kubernetes serves as a cloud‑native middle layer that abstracts servers and application services, detailing its control‑plane and node components, the role of pods, containers, and the kubectl tool, and walks through a typical service deployment and request flow.
This guide explains the architecture of VictoriaMetrics, details a step‑by‑step Helm deployment on a Kubernetes cluster, covers data collection from multiple clusters, storage persistence, Grafana dashboard setup, and alerting configuration using vmalert and webhook integration.
The article examines how CMDB can be combined with cloud‑native container architectures by leveraging Kubernetes init containers, lifecycle hooks (PostStart and PreStop), and an event‑monitoring‑to‑MQ pipeline, discussing the technical rationale, implementation details, advantages, and challenges of each approach.
Tracing the evolution of container technology—from the 1979 Unix chroot command, through Linux namespaces and cgroups, to LXC, Docker, and Kubernetes—this article explains each milestone’s role in isolation, resource control, and cloud-native orchestration, highlighting the shift toward managed cloud container services.
Bilibili migrated its Elasticsearch and ClickHouse clusters to Kubernetes using custom operators, CRDs, LVM‑based local storage, MacVLAN networking, and pod anti‑affinity, achieving higher resource utilization, isolation, and automation that cut server count, reduced latency spikes, and lowered operational costs dramatically.
The article explains that the kube‑apiserver’s built‑in LoopbackClient certificate expires after one year, causing API server failures in long‑running clusters, and examines the community’s support policies, recent Alibaba Cloud changes, and ongoing discussions about introducing a true Kubernetes LTS.
After four years running infrastructure at a fast‑growing startup, the author reviews almost every major decision—from choosing AWS over GCP and adopting EKS, RDS, and Redis, to automating post‑mortems with Slack bots, standardising IaC with Terraform and GitOps, and evaluating SaaS tools like DataDog, PagerDuty, and Notion—highlighting the benefits, regrets, and practical lessons learned.
This article explains how to combine Nvidia GPUs with Kubernetes, covering CUDA toolkits, device plugins, GPU virtualization techniques such as Time‑Slicing, MPS and MIG, and advanced scheduling options like Volcano, while also outlining practical deployment steps and performance considerations.
This tutorial explains how to install and configure Apache Flink in three deployment modes—Standalone, Hadoop YARN, and Kubernetes—covering node preparation, configuration files, package distribution, job submission, and monitoring through the Flink Web UI, with full command‑line examples and code snippets.
After fully containerizing their platform, the team tackled front‑line development scaling challenges by designing a custom elastic‑scaling solution that combines dual‑threshold and timed scaling, integrates hybrid‑cloud ClusterAutoScale, consolidates middleware resources, and implements a comprehensive K8s observability stack, delivering over 30% additional compute capacity and near‑perfect scaling reliability.
This article explains how to use Istio’s sourceLabels feature to achieve full‑chain gray deployments across multiple microservice versions, providing detailed configuration examples, deployment steps, testing procedures, and an analysis of its advantages and limitations.
This guide explains why multi‑cluster deployments are needed for high‑availability, describes Istio's flat and non‑flat network models with single or multiple control planes, and provides step‑by‑step scripts to create Kind clusters, install MetalLB, configure root CAs, deploy Istio, set up gateways, and verify regional load balancing and failover.
This article explains the roles of maxUnavailable and maxSurge in Kubernetes rolling updates, demonstrates their impact on update speed and service stability through multiple practical cases, and provides best‑practice guidelines for configuring these parameters to achieve smooth, reliable deployments.
This article explains the concept of graceful shutdown, outlines the standard steps, and presents detailed Kubernetes, Spring Boot, and Nacos case studies, followed by optimization techniques, code examples, and practical recommendations for handling MQ, scheduled tasks, and traffic control during service termination.
This article details how to transition a Dubbo 3.0 microservice architecture to an Istio service mesh on Kubernetes, covering code modifications, deployment configurations, sidecar injection, traffic management policies, and verification steps with practical YAML examples and log analysis.
This article explains how to configure Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) for automatic pod scaling, covering core concepts, metric selection, and two detailed YAML examples that demonstrate scaling based on CPU utilization and custom data‑processing rates.
This guide shows how to combine GitHub Codespaces, Docker‑in‑Docker, and KinD to create a fully functional, cloud‑based Kubernetes development environment that eliminates local setup, improves accessibility, and reduces costs, while providing step‑by‑step instructions and essential commands for deployment and testing.
This guide explores fifteen practical Kubernetes scheduling scenarios—from basic node selectors to custom schedulers and pod priority—providing detailed YAML configurations, code snippets, and best‑practice recommendations to help you optimize resource utilization, high availability, and workload placement across your cluster.
This article explains how Kubernetes supports GPU workloads for AI and machine learning, covering device plugins, pod GPU requests, oversubscription, security isolation, cloud‑provider node setup, and protecting GPU nodes from non‑GPU pods.
This article explains how the integration of sriov-network-operator and Kube-OVN automates the complex configuration and persistence of RDMA and SR‑IOV in Kubernetes, enabling high‑availability, multi‑tenant networking for AI distributed training workloads.
Zadig streamlines product delivery by offering a comprehensive version management and release process that guides engineers through creating versions, configuring environments, and executing production deployments for both K8s YAML and Helm Chart projects, enhancing transparency, control, and risk reduction.
This article provides a step‑by‑step tutorial on integrating the Apollo configuration center into SpringBoot applications, covering basic concepts, client design, environment, cluster and namespace management, Maven setup, Docker image creation, and deployment on Kubernetes for dynamic configuration updates.
This article explains how Istio automatically injects sidecar containers into Kubernetes pods, the iptables‑based traffic interception mechanism for inbound and outbound flows, and how to configure rules to exclude specific traffic from Envoy processing.
This guide explains how to configure Kubernetes Ingress Nginx to duplicate 100% of live application traffic from a production cluster to a staging cluster, enabling safe simulation testing and rapid performance troubleshooting without affecting end‑user responses.
When a Kubernetes pod repeatedly restarts, you can pinpoint the cause by inspecting events, describing the pod, and checking previous logs, then identify OOM kills caused by memory limits in the deployment.yaml and resolve it by increasing the memory limit and redeploying the pod.
This guide walks you through deploying OpenTelemetry in Kubernetes, covering the purpose of otel‑collector, installation via manifests or Helm, the three deployment patterns (No‑Collector, Agent, Gateway), running the otel‑demo, and detailed configuration of receivers, processors, exporters, connectors, extensions, and service pipelines.
This article provides a comprehensive, lightweight solution for collecting Kubernetes logs using Grafana Loki, covering its advantages, component comparison, deployment modes (All‑In‑One, microservices, bare‑metal), required configuration files, ConfigMap and PersistentVolume setup, Promtail installation, Helm deployment, and common troubleshooting steps.
Vivo’s online‑offline co‑location platform consolidates latency‑sensitive online services and batch offline workloads on shared Kubernetes nodes, using differentiated resource views, priority‑based QoS, and safety watermarks to boost CPU utilization from 13 % to 25 %, adding 20 000 cores and 50 TB memory for peak‑hour offline tasks.
This guide explains how to design and implement a unified cloud‑native serverless platform that runs seamlessly on public clouds and on‑premise IDC clusters using Alibaba Cloud ACK One, Kubernetes, and Knative, covering architecture, key components, deployment steps, and best‑practice recommendations.
This article provides a comprehensive technical overview of LiteIO, describing its core and CSI components, the complete volume lifecycle within Kubernetes, Disk‑Agent responsibilities, common implementation pitfalls, storage‑pool construction methods, and the design of the node‑disk‑controller, scheduler, and CSI modules.
After three years of hands‑on Kubernetes administration, the author shares ten practical lessons covering cloud‑hosted clusters, infrastructure‑as‑code, Helm chart usage, service mesh decisions, tool selection, resource limits, stateless design, HPA configuration, and upgrade strategies to help both newcomers and seasoned engineers manage clusters effectively.
This article explains how to measure the operations automation rate, outlines the challenges of manual ops, and provides a step‑by‑step guide to creating a coding‑based automation platform on Taishan‑Qilin, including formulas, code examples, deployment, and real‑world results.
This article explains Kubernetes container probes—Startup, Liveness, and Readiness—including their purposes, implementation methods (HTTP GET, TCP socket, exec), key configuration parameters, example YAML snippets, and practical recommendations for handling slow‑starting applications.
This article provides a comprehensive technical overview of LiteIO, describing its core and CSI components, their interactions, the complete volume lifecycle within Kubernetes, common implementation pitfalls, and configuration examples for storage pools and agents.
This guide explains how to implement a blue‑green deployment on Kubernetes with host‑ and path‑based routing, covering prerequisites, namespace creation, deployment manifests, service and ingress configuration, traffic switching, updates, verification, and rollback procedures.
This article details Kuaishou’s five‑year evolution of Flink, covering its background, production refactoring to Kubernetes, migration practices, and future improvements, highlighting architecture layers, resource management, observability, and testing strategies for large‑scale stream processing.
A Node.js service migrated to containers began experiencing intermittent timeouts and high CPU usage due to the default enableServiceLinks parameter injecting thousands of environment variables, and the analysis shows how to identify, reproduce, and resolve the issue with Kubernetes configuration and code adjustments.
This article examines the challenges of data‑intensive AI training on heterogeneous cloud‑native infrastructure and explains how the Fluid framework combined with JindoCache and KubeDL provides distributed caching, metadata acceleration, and seamless POSIX access to dramatically improve I/O performance, GPU utilization, and cost efficiency.
This article explains the challenges of manual operations, defines an automation‑rate metric, introduces the Tai‑Shan Kirin platform for self‑coded operational automation, provides step‑by‑step implementation guidance with code examples, and shares a case study demonstrating significant efficiency and stability gains.
This article explains how CoreDNS runs on a Caddy‑based HTTP/2 server in Kubernetes, how kubelet injects the cluster DNS IP into each container’s /etc/resolv.conf, and how different dnsPolicy settings (Default, ClusterFirst, ClusterFirstWithHostNet, None) affect the resolv.conf configuration, including key options and examples.
