This article introduces five robust Java open‑source projects—a payment system, a document‑sharing platform, a parallel execution framework, a microservice library, and a rapid‑development scaffold—detailing their core features, architecture, and where to access their code and documentation.
This article describes a step‑by‑step migration of a large monolithic Java application into vertically‑split micro‑services, covering database sharding into nine business databases, multi‑datasource and custom transaction implementations, application splitting, routing, RPC generation, and the measures taken to ensure data safety and low‑risk rollout.
This article introduces TLog, a lightweight, near‑zero‑intrusion log tracing framework for microservices that automatically tags logs with traceId and other context, explains its core principles, integration steps, supported adapters for various frameworks, and best‑practice usage scenarios.
Facing rapid growth and complex service interactions, Huolala transitioned from a simple PHP‑based architecture to a self‑developed microservice framework, combining data and control planes, custom RPC protocols, and robust governance, while explaining why existing solutions like Dubbo and Istio were unsuitable.
This article shares Ctrip's practical experience in microservice governance, detailing the background, common pitfalls such as excessive service granularity and cyclic dependencies, and presenting concrete goals, principles, and strategies that led to significant improvements in stability, performance, and development efficiency.
A technical discussion explains that game servers prioritize ultra‑low latency and stateful in‑memory communication, making micro‑service architectures impractical despite their benefits for modularity and scaling, especially in fast‑paced MOBA titles.
The article chronicles Ximalaya's journey from early Docker-based Java project templates to a mature Kubernetes-driven container platform, detailing development principles, health‑check strategies, deployment workflows, middleware integration, and lessons learned about scaling, automation, and collaborative engineering.
The article argues that engineers should focus on thoroughly discussing and understanding the underlying business problem before jumping to favored technical solutions, illustrating this with real‑world anecdotes about solution‑architect roles, .env file debates, micro‑service hype, and the Five Whys technique.
The article explains how the Saga pattern—using either choreography or orchestration—enables reliable distributed transactions across microservices by coordinating local ACID operations, handling compensating actions, and addressing the challenges of consistency, rollback, and scalability.
This article explains how Domain‑Driven Design can be used to split monolithic applications into well‑structured microservices by introducing strategic domain modeling, tactical design patterns such as aggregates and value objects, and provides a concrete Go project example with full directory layout and code snippets.
This article recounts Ximalaya's multi‑year containerization effort, detailing the evolution from early Docker templates and Marathon to Kubernetes, the development of internal tools like barge and k8s‑sync, health‑check strategies, deployment patterns, and the practical lessons gained from integrating containers with existing middleware.
This article explains why enterprises need a standardized account management system, outlines the advantages of token‑based authentication over session‑based approaches, and details the OAuth2 and JWT design, workflow, and technical choices for building a scalable, secure, cross‑service authentication solution.
This guide explains why and how to combine Tencent's open‑source Polaris service‑governance platform with the high‑performance dubbogo Go RPC framework, covering architecture, registration, discovery, dynamic routing and rate‑limiting, complete with configuration snippets and practical code examples.
This article explains the fundamentals of full‑chain gray releases in microservice architectures, covering service hierarchy, high‑cohesion low‑coupling design, deployment strategies with Kubernetes namespaces, traffic routing rules, and the essential infrastructure components needed for robust cloud‑native applications.
After rebuilding its transaction system in 2020, 得物 progressed from the basic CAT monitoring tool to OpenTracing with Prometheus, and finally adopted OpenTelemetry to unify metrics, traces, and logs via a custom vmagent‑Kafka‑Flink pipeline, dynamic sampling, and extensible javaagents, positioning the platform for a performance‑analysis‑driven future.
A data‑service company migrated 20,000 customers to a microservice architecture, initially gaining visibility, lower deployment costs, and easier scaling, but later faced queue head blocking, shared‑library version chaos, load‑pattern challenges, and management overhead, ultimately prompting a return to a monolith with a new "Centrifuge" component.
This article explains a layered microservice architecture, detailing the responsibilities of Facade, Application, Domain, and Infrastructure services, the interaction patterns within and between services, strict versus loose layering, and the roles of various data objects such as PO, DO, DTO, and VO.
This article explains how to implement a full-link gray (canary) release in a Spring Cloud Alibaba microservice architecture by marking traffic at the gateway, propagating the gray tag through request headers, customizing Ribbon load‑balancing, and configuring Nacos metadata for selective service routing.
iQIYI’s Atlas platform consolidates API governance and knowledge management by providing a unified portal with OpenAPI 3.0 specs, one‑click debugging, link tracing, knowledge graphs, and automatic code‑as‑documentation, dramatically cutting development and testing time, reducing maintenance costs, and streamlining collaboration across its 100‑million‑member microservice ecosystem.
This article provides a comprehensive guide to Hystrix, covering its purpose in microservice fault tolerance, the problems it addresses, core concepts like command pattern and isolation, detailed workflow steps, configuration options, and practical Java code examples for circuit breaking, fallback, and thread‑pool or semaphore isolation.
The article explains the 10×‑better theory, introduces Dapr as a cloud‑native sidecar framework, and details how it improves productivity for developers, enhances security, resilience and observability for operators, and offers multi‑language, multi‑environment flexibility for architects, while also acknowledging its drawbacks.
This article explains how Domain-Driven Design (DDD) complements microservice architecture by addressing functional decomposition, defining bounded contexts, and improving system evolution, while also highlighting common microservice pitfalls and practical guidelines for splitting complex systems.
A senior engineer accidentally issued a DELETE request on an ElasticSearch index holding 17 million product records, triggering a massive data loss incident, and the team’s subsequent recovery strategies, scaling challenges, and process improvements are detailed to guide backend developers.
This article details the business flow, database schema, micro‑service architecture, caching strategies, state‑machine implementation, and concurrency handling for building a robust coupon system that enables merchants to bind coupons to rental listings and attract end‑users.
This article introduces Service Mesh fundamentals, traces its evolution to Istio, explains the Proxyless Mesh architecture that eliminates sidecar proxies, and provides a step‑by‑step Spring Cloud demo showing how to enable xDS‑based, sidecar‑free communication across multi‑language microservices on Alibaba Cloud MSE.
This article revisits Adam Wiggins' 12‑Factor App methodology, explaining how each factor—from codebase and dependencies to logging and admin processes—has evolved and why these principles remain crucial for building reliable, scalable micro‑service‑based backend systems today.
This article demonstrates how to configure a Spring Cloud Eureka server and multiple client applications, covering dependency inclusion, YAML configuration, service startup, testing, and three consumption methods—DiscoveryClient, Ribbon‑enabled RestTemplate, and Feign—complete with runnable code examples.
This article explains NGINX’s hot‑reload mechanism, its limitations in high‑frequency cloud‑native environments, and how Apache APISIX provides an in‑memory, zero‑downtime solution for dynamic configuration updates.
This article describes the architecture, key features, dynamic deployment, performance optimizations, and real‑world results of a high‑throughput online inference platform that serves deep‑learning models for JD.com’s risk‑control decision engine, achieving near‑hundred‑fold latency improvements.
This article explains how Domain‑Driven Design (DDD) guides the strategic and tactical decomposition of monolithic applications into well‑bounded microservices, outlines its benefits such as a unified language and clearer domain boundaries, and provides concrete code examples from a membership‑center service.
This article examines common strategies for handling inter‑service call failures in microservice architectures, comparing blocking retries, asynchronous queues, TCC compensation transactions, local message tables, and MQ‑based transactions, and discusses their advantages, drawbacks, and practical implementation considerations.
The article explains why CTOs should adopt cloud‑native—gaining elasticity, cost savings, and rapid delivery—while acknowledging trade‑offs like provider lock‑in and security, and it details core technologies such as micro‑services, containers, Kubernetes orchestration, service meshes, observability tools, and DevOps practices for building resilient, scalable applications.
This article explains why monolithic applications should transition to microservices, defines microservice architecture, compares Dubbo and Spring Cloud frameworks, and provides detailed strategies for decomposition, CI/CD, container orchestration, automated operations, and governance to achieve a scalable, maintainable system.
The article presents a comprehensive overview of backend architecture, covering product analysis, microservice design principles, real‑time messaging evolution, load‑balancing migration from HAProxy to Nginx, request idempotency techniques using AOP and Redis, and a detailed discussion of service governance challenges and solutions.
The article recounts a data‑service company's transition to a microservice architecture, outlines the visibility, deployment and scaling gains, then details the operational complexities such as queue‑head blocking, shared‑library versioning, load‑pattern challenges, scaling tuning, management overhead, and the eventual rollback to a monolith, highlighting the need for balanced architectural decisions.
This article presents ByteDance’s experience building a massive trace‑data analysis platform, covering observability fundamentals, the evolution of its distributed tracing system, various aggregation computation models, technical architecture choices, and concrete use‑cases such as precise topology, traffic estimation, dependency analysis, performance anti‑patterns, bottleneck detection, and error propagation.
An in‑depth case study of a data‑service company's transition to microservices details the initial benefits such as visibility and reduced deployment cost, the subsequent problems of queue head blocking, shared‑library versioning, scaling complexity, and the eventual trade‑offs that led to a partial monolith rollback.
This article explains why browsers enforce same‑origin policies, presents common CORS solutions such as the @CrossOrigin annotation, HttpClient usage, and Spring Cloud Gateway integration, and provides detailed code examples for configuring gateways, CORS filters, and making HTTP requests in Java backend projects.
This article explores Huolala’s evolution of application architecture—from a single monolithic system through RPC and SOA to microservices and service mesh—detailing the challenges, technical trade‑offs, and framework selections such as Dubbo, Spring Cloud, and Istio for robust backend governance.
This article introduces DynamicTp, a Java library that extends ThreadPoolExecutor with runtime parameter adjustment, real‑time monitoring, alerting, and integration with configuration centers, offering a lightweight, zero‑intrusion solution for managing thread pools in microservice environments.
Former GitHub CTO Jason Warner argues that the widespread shift to microservices is a major architectural error, advocating a monolith‑first approach and emphasizing organizational challenges, while case studies from GitHub, Uber, and Botify illustrate both the pitfalls and strategic alternatives to microservice adoption.
The article outlines the typical evolution of large‑scale internet system architecture—from simple single‑node deployments through cluster and distributed cluster stages to future cloud‑native designs—highlighting the business‑driven reasons, technical challenges, security concerns, and practical principles for each phase.
This article explains the fundamental concepts of API gateways, why they are essential in micro‑service architectures, outlines core design ideas such as routing, load balancing, resilience and security, and compares popular open‑source implementations like OpenResty, Kong, Zuul and Spring Cloud Gateway.
After Elon Musk apologized for Twitter’s sluggish performance, a heated exchange erupted on the platform as engineers disputed his claim of over 1,200 RPC calls per request, revealing internal tensions, firings, and debates over microservice usage and GraphQL knowledge within Twitter’s backend architecture.
This article compares three approaches—microservice isolation, gateway with Redis whitelist, and a gateway‑plus‑AOP header strategy—to enforce internal‑only API access, and provides a complete Spring Cloud implementation with code examples and a diagram.
This article explains the principles and workflow of Single Sign‑On using OAuth2.0, illustrates the process with a real‑life analogy, and provides a complete Spring Boot example—including authorization server, client configuration, and role‑based access control—suitable for microservice architectures.
This article explores the shortcomings of current HTTP caching practices, proposes a three‑level cache design for B/S architectures, discusses gateway simplification with Apache APISIX, offers data‑size reduction tips, and presents a hand‑crafted Java HTTP cache framework with code examples.
This article details the design and implementation of a coupon system for a rental platform, covering business flow, database schema, backend services, caching strategies, state management, and future optimization directions to ensure reliable coupon distribution and redemption.
This article examines the technical challenges of B‑end contract advertising systems, tracing the evolution of Baidu's ad‑placement platform from a monolithic architecture through multiple business stages to a domain‑driven microservices design, and discusses service governance, observability, anti‑corruption, and iterative development practices.
This article analyzes why microservice instances cause traffic loss during shutdown, outlines the standard deregistration flow, identifies latency and error windows, and presents three loss‑less shutdown strategies—pre‑stop deregistration, proactive client notification, and adaptive waiting—along with practical Spring Cloud and Dubbo implementations, large‑scale challenges, and observability techniques.
This collection highlights ByteDance’s evolution in cloud‑native technologies, covering their microservice runtime architecture, large‑scale computing practices, open‑source project creation, and container scheduling advancements, providing links to detailed articles for readers to gain deeper insight.
This article systematically explores the challenges of microservice decomposition, presenting static and dynamic solutions, architectural principles, and practical guidelines to help organizations design scalable, reliable, and business‑aligned service boundaries.
Spring Cloud 2021.0.5 release adds Azure Timer Trigger support, enhances AWS function invoker, aligns Config repository behavior, enables LoadBalancer RequestData, and introduces Spring Security OAuth2 for OpenFeign, while updating dozens of modules and providing Maven and Gradle BOM usage instructions.
This article reviews the 15‑year evolution of software architecture—from early monolithic systems through distributed, SOA, and microservice designs—highlighting how business drivers, cloud‑native adoption, and enduring architectural goals have shaped modern software engineering.
This article explains how to extend Sentinel's flow‑control capabilities in a Spring Cloud Gateway to implement traffic replication, covering Sentinel fundamentals, its slot‑chain architecture, custom filter code, configuration steps, and practical usage for testing and load‑testing with real traffic.
This article outlines the full spectrum of technologies and tools for building microservice‑based systems, covering management, storage, business support, and DevOps, and provides a structured guide for selecting the most suitable solutions for each architectural concern.
This guide walks through installing and using Spring Cloud Tencent with Polaris, covering environment setup, Polaris deployment, Spring Boot project configuration, service registration, configuration center integration, rate‑limiting, circuit‑breaker features, and metadata transfer, while highlighting common pitfalls and practical code examples.
This article explains how to manage multiple microservice projects with GitLab groups and Jenkins, demonstrating the use of Jenkins pipeline's parallel syntax for both parallel tasks and parallel stages, and provides a master job script that triggers builds concurrently to speed up deployments.
The article examines the challenges of interface placement, service dependencies, and client-specific adaptations in a complex supply‑chain system and proposes an API aggregation layer and Backend‑for‑Frontend (BFF) pattern, detailing implementation with Spring Cloud and practical team division.
This article dissects Netflix’s massive backend system—covering its dual‑cloud deployment, Open Connect CDN, micro‑service architecture, API gateway, container platform, caching layers, data stores, and real‑time streaming pipelines—to reveal how the streaming giant achieves extreme scalability, reliability, and performance.
This article compares standard service interfaces and standard messaging, explains their characteristics, and shows how to choose the appropriate approach for different scenarios such as content moderation, points systems, open platforms, monitoring, and task execution pipelines.
The article argues that complexity is an unavoidable aspect of software development and architecture, urging engineers to acknowledge, manage, and strategically place it rather than trying to eliminate it, while illustrating the trade‑offs in tooling, abstractions, and micro‑service design.
This article reviews five Java/Kotlin microservice frameworks—Helidon, Ktor, Micronaut, Quarkus, and Spring Boot—showing how to build services, configure Consul service discovery, run them, test their APIs, and compare their size, startup time, memory usage, and pros and cons.
This article introduces the open‑source Pinpoint APM tool for Java micro‑services, explains its architecture and data model, demonstrates deployment options for Tomcat and SpringBoot, and provides a step‑by‑step guide to installing and configuring the Pinpoint PHP agent for end‑to‑end performance monitoring.
This article explains the capabilities, positioning, and three‑tier architecture of JD Daojia's after‑sales system, detailing how it handles multi‑endpoint requests, distributed locking, promotion‑aware split data, Elasticsearch synchronization, combined return logistics, and accurate refund processing.
This article walks through practical trade‑offs in designing a Go microservice framework, covering protocol choices, data transport, network handling, serialization methods, service registry options, routing algorithms, and rate‑limiting strategies, while highlighting real‑world implementation details and pitfalls.
This article explains why Zipkin is needed for microservice observability, describes its architecture, core components, trace and span model, workflow, and provides step‑by‑step Docker and JAR deployment instructions, helping developers quickly locate service bottlenecks and failures.
The article chronicles the architectural evolution of China Telecom's Tianyi Account gateway—from its 2017 Zuul‑based 1.0 implementation, through a 2.0 redesign using Kong with custom plugins, to the current 3.0 version featuring CP/DP separation, multi‑language plugins, and cloud‑native deployment, highlighting performance gains, scalability, and operational improvements.
This article presents the challenges of complex business systems, compares distributed tracing and traditional ELK solutions, and details the design, integration steps, usage workflow, and future enhancements of a lightweight SDK-based trace and log reporting platform that improves debugging efficiency and reduces operational overhead.
This article explains what an API gateway is, why it is needed in micro‑service architectures, outlines core design ideas such as request routing, service registration, load balancing, resilience and security, and compares major open‑source gateways like OpenResty, Kong, Zuul 1/2 and Spring Cloud Gateway.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Dubbo, a high‑performance Java RPC framework, detailing its three core capabilities, essential components, layered architecture design, and the step‑by‑step remote invocation workflow for both service providers and consumers.
This article explains how to configure distributed rate limiting in Spring Cloud Gateway by adding the reactive Redis dependency, setting up Redis connection properties, defining a RequestRateLimiter filter with token‑bucket parameters, implementing a custom KeyResolver, and demonstrating the behavior with HTTP 429 and 403 responses.
This article walks through the step‑by‑step transformation of a simple online supermarket from a monolithic web app to a fully‑featured microservice architecture, covering common pitfalls, component choices, monitoring, tracing, logging, service discovery, fault‑tolerance, testing, and deployment strategies.
This article introduces Application Performance Management (APM), explains the features of Apache SkyWalking for micro‑service and cloud‑native monitoring, and provides step‑by‑step Docker‑compose installation, agent configuration, and a detailed walkthrough of the SkyWalking UI components.
This article explains what an API gateway is, why it is needed in micro‑service architectures, outlines key design ideas such as request routing, service registration, load balancing, resilience and security, and compares major open‑source gateways like OpenResty, Kong, Zuul and Spring Cloud Gateway.
This article explains the fundamentals of single‑source and multi‑source transactions, reviews common distributed‑transaction patterns such as 2PC, 3PC, TCC, transaction‑status tables and message‑queue based eventual consistency, and then details the implementation and isolation mechanisms of Seata’s AT mode for microservice architectures.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Spring Cloud Gateway's routing model, detailing the essential components of a route, the built‑in predicate factories, and the various gateway, default, and global filter implementations, helping developers avoid redundant work and reduce development costs.
This article walks through what Spring Native is, how it uses GraalVM native images to dramatically reduce Spring Boot startup time, and provides a step‑by‑step setup, performance comparison, and troubleshooting tips for building and running native Spring applications.
The article builds five microservices with Helidon SE, Ktor, Micronaut, Quarkus and Spring Boot, integrates Consul for service discovery, provides full source code and configuration, shows how to start each service, benchmarks size, startup time and memory usage, and finally lists the pros and cons of each framework.
This article explains the concept of traffic routing in microservice governance, outlines the challenges of heterogeneous environments, introduces the OpenSergo project as a unified, multi‑language solution, and provides detailed CRD examples and demo steps for implementing tag, canary, and full‑link gray routing in Kubernetes.
This article explains how to restrict certain APIs to internal network calls by comparing three approaches—microservice isolation, gateway + Redis whitelist, and gateway + AOP—and provides a complete Java implementation of the AOP solution with code examples.
This article walks through the evolution of a simple online supermarket from a monolithic website to a fully split microservice architecture, highlighting the challenges encountered—such as code duplication, database bottlenecks, and operational complexity—and presenting practical solutions like service decomposition, monitoring, tracing, gateway control, service discovery, circuit breaking, rate limiting, testing strategies, and the use of service meshes.
This article explains what software architecture is, why choosing an architectural style matters, compares monolithic and distributed approaches using a real‑world inventory system case study, and details the step‑by‑step functional and business splitting, CQRS implementation, code refactoring, and handling of distributed transactions.
This article explains why and how to split a Spring Boot project into Maven modules, defines a common framework with clearly separated modules such as api, base, rpc, service, interaction, and start, and provides practical steps and code snippets for managing dependencies in complex backend applications.
This article provides a practical step‑by‑step guide to integrating Dubbo with Nacos in a Spring Boot project, covering environment setup, Maven configuration, module creation for public API, provider and consumer services, and testing the RPC call, while highlighting version compatibility and common pitfalls.
This article explains how to build highly available microservice systems by applying fault‑tolerance patterns such as graceful degradation, health checks, self‑healing, failover caches, retries, rate limiting, bulkhead isolation, circuit breakers, and systematic failure testing, while also covering change‑management and deployment strategies.
This article explains three practical solutions for exposing internal‑only APIs in a Spring Cloud environment—separating services, using a gateway with a Redis whitelist, and applying a gateway‑plus‑AOP strategy—complete with code examples and deployment tips.
The article describes how Wix engineers built a robust, Kafka‑based event‑driven messaging infrastructure for over 1,400 microservices, detailing patterns such as consumption and projection, end‑to‑end streaming with websockets, in‑memory KV stores, schedule‑and‑forget jobs, exactly‑once transactions, and event aggregation to achieve scalability, resilience, and low‑latency data access.
This article explains how to achieve comprehensive service governance in a microservice architecture using SpringCloud Alibaba's Nacos and Dubbo, covering service registration and discovery, load balancing, rate limiting and circuit breaking with Sentinel, configuration management, and monitoring with Prometheus and SkyWalking.
This article explains how to build a highly extensible modular backend service using Spring Cloud Gateway, Gradle scripts, and service‑discovery metadata to automatically generate and refresh routing configurations for both monolithic and microservice deployment modes.
This tutorial walks through setting up a Spring Cloud Gateway integrated with Nacos as a registration and configuration center, covering Nacos installation, project configuration, route definition, and a listener that dynamically refreshes service instances to ensure reliable request forwarding.
This article explains how to achieve high availability in internet systems by layering architecture, using redundancy and automatic failover across access, proxy, microservice, middleware, and storage components, and discusses practical techniques, common pitfalls, and operational safeguards for resilient services.
This tutorial walks through building a simple Dubbo‑Nacos integration using Spring Boot, covering environment setup, Maven project structure, dependency management, service interface definition, provider and consumer modules, configuration files, and a test call, enabling rapid development of high‑performance Java microservices.
This tutorial explains how to address memory constraints when deploying multiple Spring Boot microservices on a single 2‑CPU, 4‑GB server by applying JVM tuning, installing GraalVM, configuring Spring Native 0.11.1 with Maven plugins, building native images, and deploying them via Docker, achieving startup times in milliseconds and memory consumption around 28 MB.
The article explains the different types of service coupling in microservice architectures, compares RPC and event‑driven approaches—including event notification and event sourcing—provides practical examples, discusses API gateways and strategies to reduce tight coupling, and concludes with guidance on internal microservice design and when to adopt microservices.
The article introduces eight widely used software architecture design patterns—including single‑database single‑application, content distribution, query separation, microservices, multi‑level caching, sharding, elastic scaling, and multi‑data‑center modes—explaining their structures, typical use cases, and the pros and cons of each.
This article explains how RocketMQ implements distributed transaction messages using a two‑phase commit model, detailing the problems with RPC and ordinary MQ, the step‑by‑step workflow, relevant code snippets, and how consistency is ensured across microservice subsystems.
This article introduces eight core software architecture design patterns—including single‑database single‑app, content distribution, query separation, microservices, multi‑level caching, sharding, elastic scaling, and multi‑datacenter deployment—explaining their structures, typical use cases, advantages, and drawbacks to help developers choose the right architecture for their systems.
This article reviews five Java/Kotlin microservice frameworks—Helidon, Ktor, Micronaut, Quarkus, and Spring Boot—showing how to build heterogeneous services with Consul service discovery, detailing prerequisites, code examples, launch commands, API testing, and a side‑by‑side comparison of their strengths and weaknesses.
This article explains why RabbitMQ is used for decoupling, asynchronous processing, and traffic shaping, describes its architecture and core components such as broker, exchange, queue, binding, routing key, vhost, producer, consumer, and channel, and outlines its six operating modes with illustrative diagrams.
