This article explains the challenges of using WebSocket in a micro‑service environment, introduces a load‑balancing library with annotation‑based configuration, and details its abstract design, connection management, message routing, and selector mechanisms for targeted and broadcast communication.
This article explains what an API gateway is, outlines its core data‑plane and control‑plane functions, compares popular open‑source gateways such as Nginx, Zuul, Spring Cloud Gateway, Kong and Traefik, and details a company‑specific microservice gateway built on Traefik with Etcd and Go.
This article details how Ctrip's car‑hailing and rental platforms tackled growing technical debt and system complexity by adopting Domain‑Driven Design, using event‑storming workshops, defining bounded contexts, and aligning team boundaries to improve maintainability, performance, and overall development efficiency.
This article introduces the DuoliXiong local‑life service platform, analyzes the challenges of permission management across its multi‑layered architecture, and details the design of a flat RBAC model—including business‑line isolation, user, role, and permission tables, tree‑structured permission mapping, and data‑level access controls—to support scalable, secure operations.
This article explains three practical approaches—separate microservices, gateway + Redis whitelist, and gateway + AOP—to restrict external access to internal APIs, and provides a detailed Spring Cloud Gateway and AOP code implementation for Java microservice architectures.
This article explains how CNStack 2.0 enables cloud‑native service governance by offering one‑click traffic protection, visual monitoring, and configurable rate‑limiting, circuit‑breaking, and fine‑grained web safeguards for micro‑service architectures facing sudden spikes, downstream failures, and hotspot overloads.
This article details how FuRong Bank tackled integration, protocol heterogeneity, and disaster‑recovery challenges in its core banking platform by adopting Tencent's Polaris service‑mesh, unifying Spring Cloud Tencent, Polaris Java SDK, and gateway solutions to achieve seamless, resilient, and cloud‑native operations.
This article details the design and implementation of a transparent cross‑network data‑transfer system built on Dubbo, covering its evolution from early one‑way solutions to a highway architecture, the technical challenges encountered, the applied fixes and community contributions, and the roadmap for future stability, extensibility, and multi‑protocol support.
This article reviews the evolution of monitoring in the cloud‑native era, analyzes Open‑Falcon’s architecture, strengths, and shortcomings, explains why its development hit a bottleneck, and outlines the design principles and features of the Nightingale monitoring system as a modern, open‑source alternative.
Spring Cloud Tencent 1.10.2 introduces support for Polaris interface and service-level circuit breaking, custom rate‑limit behavior, a modular starter package, bug fixes, and outlines upcoming plans such as gateway circuit‑break integration, expanded load‑balancing strategies, IP‑based throttling, and GraalVM native‑image support.
The article examines the pitfalls of turning a monolithic application into a ‘distributed monolith’ during microservice migration, highlighting how improper domain splitting, excessive synchronous remote calls, and lack of protective mechanisms can degrade stability and negate expected productivity gains.
China Merchants Bank’s three‑year full‑cloud migration, driven by the Digital China plan, showcases how a self‑built dual‑path cloud platform, massive code refactoring, and seamless data migration can accelerate financial innovation, improve resource flexibility, and support nationwide digital transformation.
This guide walks through setting up a Windows development environment, enabling Hyper‑V, installing Docker Desktop, building a SpringBoot JAR with Maven, creating Dockerfiles, running containers via IDEA and the command line, and finally deploying the image to a Linux server with proper volume and port mappings.
This article details the architecture, component‑based design, dynamic template generation, batch processing, activity management, and technical challenges such as custom component rendering, condition‑expression creation, and high‑concurrency coupon issuance for a scalable e‑commerce coupon platform.
This article demonstrates how to package a NestJS-based microservice architecture into Docker images, build and run them individually, and orchestrate multiple services using Docker Compose, covering Dockerfile multi-stage builds, port mapping, IP binding, and practical deployment steps for Node.js backend services.
This tutorial demonstrates how to create a fully reactive microservice architecture using Spring Cloud Finchley, WebFlux, Spring Data Reactive, Eureka for service discovery, and MongoDB (via Docker), covering service registration, inter‑service calls with WebClient, and reactive data access.
This tutorial demonstrates how to create a full‑reactive microservice system using Spring Cloud Finchley, WebFlux, Spring Data Reactive MongoDB, and Eureka for service discovery, covering project setup, service registration, reactive repositories, controllers, inter‑service calls with WebClient, and load‑balanced testing.
This article explains how to set up Docker on Windows, create a Dockerfile for a Spring Boot microservice, build the image with Maven and IDEA, test the container, and finally export, transfer, and run the image on a Linux server with proper volume and port mappings.
This paper presents StudRank, a microservice root‑cause localization method that decomposes call‑chain traces into time‑series, detects anomalies, builds an abnormal propagation graph, and applies a personalized PageRank random‑walk algorithm, achieving 84% top‑1 accuracy and a 97.6% improvement over MicroRCA on public AIOps data.
The article presents a detailed guide on designing and implementing fine-grained permission control for microservices using Apache Shiro, Spring Boot, Dubbo, and Redis to share session data across services, including code examples, configuration steps, and testing of role‑based access.
This article presents a detailed analysis of modern payment system architecture, covering the transaction and payment cores, service governance, data consistency, asynchronous processing, and practical production practices such as performance testing and stability management, illustrated with numerous diagrams.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Spring Cloud fundamentals, including microservice architecture, core components, service registration, communication methods, circuit breaking, load balancing, and configuration management, presented as a collection of high‑frequency interview questions and answers.
This article explains why an API gateway is essential in micro‑service architectures, introduces Spring Cloud Gateway’s core features, walks through project setup, routing predicates, filters, integration with Nacos for service discovery and dynamic routing, and demonstrates custom global error handling.
This article presents a comprehensive 41‑chapter outline of a Kubernetes training course, covering preparation, pod creation, API server permissions, custom admission controllers, core services, scheduling, kubelet lifecycle management, resource managers, container runtimes, garbage collection, networking, storage, autoscaling, CRDs, and service mesh components such as Istio and Envoy.
This article details how Huolala built a comprehensive full‑chain monitoring and tracing platform, covering the historical evolution of observability tools, the company’s multi‑stage monitoring architecture, bytecode‑enhanced instrumentation, trace sampling strategies, and a "what‑you‑see‑is‑what‑you‑get" visualization approach.
Discover how Dart Frog, a new backend framework built with Dart by Very Good Ventures, enables developers to use the same language and tools for both Flutter front‑ends and server‑side APIs, offering hot‑reload, modular routing, easy cloud deployment, and seamless integration with legacy systems.
This guide walks you through adding a Gitee code source to Zadig, configuring a microservice-demo project with Vue.js frontend and Golang backend, setting up services, builds, environments, workflows, and automatic triggers to achieve end‑to‑end continuous delivery on Kubernetes.
This article details Baidu's end‑to‑end AIGC video production pipeline, explaining the business drivers, the challenges of automating script‑to‑video conversion, the service‑orchestration architecture based on state‑machine scheduling, module‑component decomposition, configuration files, and the practical workflow that now supports tens of thousands of videos per day.
This article explains traditional session‑based authentication, introduces JWT and JJWT, and presents two microservice authentication patterns—service‑side verification and gateway‑side verification—detailing their workflows, code examples, advantages, drawbacks, and practical challenges.
This article explains why and how to decompose large or legacy applications into microservices using business‑capability and sub‑domain (DDD) approaches, outlines their benefits, discusses common challenges such as latency and data consistency, and introduces the Strangler pattern for gradual migration.
This article explains ByteDance’s end‑to‑end chaos engineering practice for cloud‑native environments, covering its background, principles, comparison with traditional testing, the evolution of its internal platforms, and a detailed look at the Application Resilience Enhancement Service (ARES) and its core features.
This article explains how QQ Music builds a high‑availability system by combining redundant architecture, a comprehensive toolchain—including chaos engineering and full‑link pressure testing—and deep observability to gracefully handle failures in a large‑scale microservice environment.
This article explains traditional session‑based authentication, introduces JWT and the JJWT library for secure token creation and verification, and compares two microservice authentication patterns—server‑side verification and API‑gateway unified verification—while discussing practical challenges such as token expiration, key management, and caching.
The article reviews Liferay DXP’s latest capabilities—including modular architecture, semantic versioning, a shift from monolith to microservices, exposed services, faster page refresh via Senna.js SPA, broader tool support, and Java component reuse—highlighting benefits for developers and large‑scale deployments.
This article outlines fifteen practical techniques—including horizontal scaling, microservice decomposition, database sharding, connection pooling, caching, CDN, message queues, Elasticsearch, circuit breaking, rate limiting, and load testing—to help engineers build robust, high‑concurrency systems that can handle massive traffic spikes.
This article provides a detailed tutorial on OpenFeign, covering its purpose, differences from Feign, environment setup, service provider and consumer creation, various parameter passing methods, timeout handling, logging configuration, HTTP client replacement, GZIP compression, and Sentinel-based circuit breaking, while also including practical code examples and configuration snippets.
A mistaken Zookeeper restart caused a 30‑minute outage of all microservices; this article analyzes the ZK session mechanism, why temporary nodes were not recreated, and presents two concrete solutions and best‑practice recommendations to prevent similar failures.
This comprehensive guide introduces distributed tracing challenges in large microservice systems, explains what Apache SkyWalking is, compares it with Zipkin, Pinpoint and CAT, details performance test results, walks through installation, configuration, custom tracing, log integration, alerting, and high‑availability deployment.
This article explains the fundamentals of REST and gRPC APIs, compares their design constraints, features, and typical use cases, and helps developers choose the most suitable framework for building scalable, high‑performance microservice architectures.
This article explains the concept of scaffolding for software development, outlines why it is essential for microservice architectures, compares custom persistence solutions with Spring Data, and reviews popular backend scaffolding tools such as Spring Boot, Maven, Netty, Java EE, and Dropwizard.
This article explains the fundamentals of Domain‑Driven Design, distinguishes strategic from tactical design, outlines core DDD elements such as domains, aggregates and bounded contexts, and demonstrates how four‑color modeling can be applied to real‑world e‑commerce microservice architectures.
The article explains how to design large concurrent applications or refactor legacy systems using microservice architecture, covering decomposition by business capability and subdomain, distinguishing brownfield and greenfield projects, and addressing challenges such as network latency, data consistency, and the Strangler pattern.
This article explains the evolution from monolithic to microservice architectures, introduces Kubernetes as the core cloud‑native platform, and details its components, design principles, and resource management strategies for compute, networking, and storage within a cluster.
The article examines how microservices interact, compares RPC and event‑driven approaches, analyzes different types of coupling, discusses event notification, event sourcing, API gateways, versioning, and offers practical guidance on reducing tight coupling and deciding the appropriate microservice architecture.
The article shares a chief architect's experience on combining a large‑scale waterfall approach with agile iterations, detailing microservice and BFF design, team organization aligned with Conway's law, and practical application‑boundary principles for a distributed enterprise system.
This article explains how Domain‑Driven Design can guide the splitting of monolithic applications into well‑structured microservices by introducing DDD fundamentals, strategic domain modeling, tactical design patterns, and a concrete Go code example that demonstrates a four‑layer architecture.
Meituan Visual's engineering team tackled the common low‑GPU‑utilization bottleneck in online inference services by splitting model structures and adopting micro‑service deployment, raising GPU usage from 40% to 100% and more than tripling QPS, and then generalized the approach for other GPU‑based services.
This article outlines the key practices and considerations for evaluating modern CI/CD and DevOps capabilities, covering cloud adoption, organizational design, microservice architecture, automated pipelines, testing strategies, security, release frequency, and immutable infrastructure to help teams achieve fast, reliable software delivery.
This article provides a concise, question‑driven overview of Kubernetes, covering its architecture, node and master communication, pod fundamentals, scheduling, storage via etcd, service exposure, scaling mechanisms, and the roles of core components such as kube‑apiserver, kubelet, kube‑proxy and controllers.
Bilibili’s Config Center evolved from the 2017 Config v1 monolith—offering unified UI, MySQL storage, and long‑polling—to the Raft‑based Paladin v2, which adds lifecycle management, tenant isolation, incremental publishing, high‑throughput caching, multi‑active deployment, validation and rich tooling, handling hundreds of thousands of configs and tens of thousands of concurrent clients with sub‑50 ms push latency while planning deeper K8s integration.
A former CTO recounts how building a microservice‑based backend, web portal, and mobile apps for a startup led to costly complexity and eventual failure, and explains how adopting Supabase could have simplified architecture, reduced vendor lock‑in, and saved time and resources.
This article explains how microservice architectures require a comprehensive testing strategy that combines traditional pre‑production tests—unit, integration, component, contract, and end‑to‑end—with production‑focused techniques such as fault injection, canary, blue‑green, and multivariate testing to ensure reliable continuous delivery.
This article provides a detailed introduction to Spring Boot, covering its purpose, advantages, core @SpringBootApplication annotation, supported logging frameworks, starter mechanism, new features in version 2.x, configuration methods, security, CORS handling, actuator monitoring, hot deployment, multi‑datasource setup, session sharing, and packaging differences, all aimed at helping developers quickly adopt and master the framework.
Tencent’s cloud load‑testing platform simulates massive Chinese‑New‑Year traffic by offering concurrency and RPS modes, multi‑language test authoring, realistic data generation, and unified OpenTelemetry reporting, enabling early bottleneck detection, proactive scaling, and successful high‑load drills such as Mobile QQ and video services.
This article explains how to apply Domain‑Driven Design (DDD) to a brand‑new project, covering essential terminology, architecture evolution across SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, bounded‑context segmentation, the four DDD boundaries, clean layered, hexagonal, and onion architectures, and provides practical guidance for effective system design.
This article outlines the typical evolution stages of large internet system architectures—from single‑node deployments to cluster, distributed, and future cloud‑native designs—highlighting the business‑driven reasons, technical challenges, and practical tips for each phase.
This article describes the progressive evolution of a consumer‑finance risk decision engine—from an initial rule‑set implementation, through a Drools‑based configuration, to a fully self‑developed micro‑service engine—detailing architectural changes, component designs, execution flow, operational challenges, and solutions such as empty‑run testing.
This article explains the fundamentals of distributed tracing, introduces the Dapper and OpenTracing models, and details SkyWalking's data collection, cross‑process propagation, bytecode enhancement, architecture components, monitoring, alerting, and performance characteristics for microservice environments.
The DynamicTp framework extends Java's ThreadPoolExecutor with runtime‑adjustable parameters, real‑time monitoring, alerting, and integration with multiple configuration centers, offering a lightweight, zero‑intrusion solution for microservice environments to improve performance and reliability.
This article introduces the DuoliXiong local‑service platform, analyzes the challenges of its multi‑platform permission management, and details the design of a role‑based access control (RBAC) system—including model selection, database schema, tree‑structured permission representation, multi‑business‑line isolation, and data‑level (row/column) permissions—culminating in a scalable solution for complex B‑end and O‑end applications.
This article examines the trade‑offs between RPC and event‑driven communication in microservice architectures, detailing different types of coupling, the benefits and drawbacks of event notification and event sourcing, practical examples, and strategies such as API gateways and internal microservice design to reduce tight coupling.
This article explains Bilibili’s unified API management platform, covering service launch processes, manual versus automated metadata collection, code‑first API definitions in Go and Java, version control, collaboration features, mock testing, and micro‑service standardization to improve development efficiency and reduce operational costs.
The article provides a comprehensive technical overview of Toutiao's growth, data collection, user modeling, recommendation engine, storage solutions, message push system, and its micro‑service and virtualized PaaS architecture, highlighting the massive scale and engineering practices behind the platform.
Facing the challenges of distributed microservice architectures, a financial services company implemented a unified observability platform that combines metrics, tracing, and logging via OpenTelemetry and custom agents, enabling real‑time visualization, anomaly detection, and performance analysis across seven core business middle‑platforms.
This article chronicles the five‑year architectural evolution of the Vivo official e‑commerce platform, detailing its transition from a PHP‑based monolith to a service‑oriented, micro‑service ecosystem with independent subsystems and global‑ready internationalization, while sharing practical lessons and design decisions.
This article explains the fundamentals of web application architecture, covering its core components, layered models, modern design patterns, popular technologies, and best practices for building secure, scalable, and maintainable web systems across cloud and on‑premise environments.
Bilibili’s unified API management platform automates documentation generation for Go and Java services, ties each API version to specific code commits, supports version snapshots, integrates with gateways for debugging and OpenAPI export, and provides service‑level mocking, thereby standardizing microservice development and reducing cross‑team overhead.
This guide explains the purpose, signatures, and ordering of GlobalFilter and GatewayFilter in Spring Cloud Gateway, shows how to combine them, and provides detailed code examples for custom global filters, forward routing, load‑balancing, Netty, WebSocket, and other core filters, including configuration tips.
The article reflects on Elon Musk’s criticism of microservices, argues that the architecture is often over‑hyped and misapplied, compares it with monolithic and other service granularity models, and warns that blind adoption driven by trends can lead to costly technical debt.
This article outlines a seven‑stage microservice lifecycle and presents sixteen practical principles covering planning, design, implementation, invocation, release, governance, scaling, and deprecation to help architects build robust, maintainable microservice systems.
This article introduces Spring Cloud and explains its five essential components—Eureka service registry, Feign declarative client, Ribbon load balancer, Hystrix circuit breaker, and Zuul API gateway—illustrating how they simplify distributed system development with Spring Boot style one‑click deployment.
The article explains Nacos’s open‑source service registry and discovery mechanisms, detailing client auto‑configuration, registration and health‑check workflows, server‑side instance handling, asynchronous copy‑on‑write processing, heartbeat cleanup, and cluster synchronization, while comparing its AP/CP capabilities to Zookeeper and Eureka.
Analyzing a year‑long EDAS report of tens of thousands of cloud‑native applications, this article uncovers trends in JDK version adoption, microservice framework choices, resource shape shifts, instance specifications, JVM heap settings, startup latency, elastic policy usage, and health indicators, offering actionable insights for architects.
This article walks through the complete design and implementation of a friend‑follow microservice, covering requirement analysis, MySQL table schema, Redis set operations, Spring Boot dependencies, configuration, service and controller code, gateway routing, and end‑to‑end testing with concrete examples and performance insights.
This article compares the open‑source API gateways APISIX and KONG across community activity, plugin richness, performance under various workloads, secondary development flexibility, and their suitability for cloud‑native environments such as Kubernetes ingress and function compute integration.
Viaduct, Airbnb’s data‑oriented service mesh built on GraphQL, replaces traditional procedural meshes by centralizing a schema that routes queries across thousands of micro‑services, enabling fine‑grained data access, serverless derived fields, automatic schema propagation, and improved observability, now handling most of Airbnb’s API traffic.
WeChat safeguards its billion‑user microservice platform by detecting overload when average queue wait exceeds 20 ms and applying a two‑dimensional priority system—business and hourly‑hashed user priorities—adjusted via histogram‑based admission controls and upstream back‑pressure, ensuring stable service during massive traffic spikes.
This article explains the core distinctions between Remote Procedure Call (RPC) and Message Queue (MQ) technologies, covering their architectures, communication patterns, functional features, and performance considerations, and outlines typical use cases such as synchronous calls, decoupling, traffic shaping, and asynchronous processing in distributed systems.
This article explains how to create a reusable dynamic Feign client in Java, replacing multiple static Feign interfaces with a generic service that can invoke any microservice endpoint via configurable URLs, and provides full code examples and usage instructions.
This article critically examines the microservices movement, tracing its historical roots, debunking common hype, and arguing that the true value lies in modular design, clear team ownership, and disciplined architectural practices rather than merely scaling distributed systems.
This article provides a step‑by‑step guide to building a Spring Cloud Gateway for microservices, covering system setup, request routing, cross‑origin handling, token‑bucket rate limiting, password hashing with BCrypt, an overview of symmetric and asymmetric encryption, and JWT‑based authentication with code examples and configuration details.
QQ Music achieves high availability by layering redundant multi‑datacenter architecture, proactive chaos‑engineering toolchains, and comprehensive observability—including metrics, logging, tracing and profiling—while employing service grading, adaptive retry windows and EMA‑based dynamic timeouts to gracefully handle faults across its massive micro‑service ecosystem.
This article details Zhaozhuan's three‑generation test environment governance evolution—starting with physical isolation, moving to automatic IP‑label traffic routing, and finally manual tag‑based routing—highlighting architectural changes, deployment processes, advantages, drawbacks, and supporting tools such as distributed tracing and debugging utilities.
This article examines the common perceived benefits of microservices, shows how many of them can be achieved with a well‑designed monolith, and provides concrete criteria and tactics for small, medium, and large teams to decide which architecture best fits their context.
This article provides a detailed introduction to software architecture, covering its definition, essential concepts such as systems, subsystems, modules, components, and frameworks, various architectural layers and classifications, evolution from monolithic to micro‑service designs, common pitfalls, evaluation criteria, and recommended learning resources.
This article provides a detailed tutorial on using Spring Cloud Sleuth with Zipkin to monitor and troubleshoot distributed micro‑service calls, covering concepts, configuration, Maven dependencies, YAML settings, controller examples, RabbitMQ integration, logback adjustments, and alternative tracing solutions.
Traditional companies face the urgent need to digitize, turning decades‑old assets like customer data and supply chains into online services by adopting data‑driven warehouses, cloud‑native microservices, and scalable cloud computing, enabling faster innovation, AI integration, and competitive advantage in the digital era.
This article explains how NetEase Cloud Music tackled the tight coupling between frontend UI and backend services by introducing a Backend‑For‑Frontend layer built on GraphQL, detailing the architectural choices, low‑code editor, custom directives, deployment pipeline, and the resulting improvements in scalability and developer productivity.
This article walks through the design and implementation of a friend‑follow microservice using MySQL for persistence, Redis Sets for fast set operations, and Spring Boot, covering requirement analysis, data modeling, dependency setup, configuration, service logic, and testing with concrete code examples and performance insights.
This article explains the challenges of distributed transactions in microservice architectures, compares two‑phase and three‑phase commit protocols, introduces Alibaba Seata's middleware and its AT mode, and walks through the complete execution flow with code examples and component diagrams.
This article explains the Twelve‑Factor App methodology, detailing each of the twelve principles—codebase, dependencies, config, backing services, build/release/run, processes, port binding, concurrency, disposability, dev/prod parity, logs, admin tasks—and shows how they guide the design of scalable, cloud‑native backend services.
This article explains how to create a dynamic Feign client in Spring Cloud by defining a generic service interface, a dynamic client wrapper, and a factory that builds Feign instances at runtime, allowing flexible GET and POST calls to any microservice without writing repetitive client interfaces.
This case study examines a data‑service company's transition to a microservice architecture, detailing the initial benefits such as improved visibility and reduced deployment cost, the subsequent explosion of complexity, queue‑head blocking, shared‑library versioning issues, and the trade‑offs that led the team to partially revert to a monolithic design.
This article explains the role of service registry centers in micro‑service architectures, introduces the CAP theorem and its trade‑offs, compares three categories of registries, and evaluates popular solutions such as Zookeeper, Eureka, Consul and Nacos to help you choose the right one for your needs.
This article explains how to batch multiple cluster endpoint requests in Go by using a token‑based queue and concurrent workers, dramatically reducing load on the registration center while requiring minimal changes to existing code.
This article describes the design and implementation of a comprehensive, multi‑dimensional stability system for the transaction middle‑platform of the WOS commerce operating system, covering architectural principles, four‑layer protection strategies, real‑time monitoring, baseline modeling, traffic replay comparison, and lessons learned for maintaining high availability under heavy load.
The article outlines Ctrip’s microservice journey from its 2013 inception, detailing the evolution of its frameworks, the complexities of operating multiple stacks, the challenges faced, and the design of a progressive cloud‑native service‑mesh architecture built on Istio, Envoy, and custom operators.
The Nacos 2.2.0 GA release introduces several new plugins—including rate‑limiting, custom environment variable, and datasource plugins—removes legacy redundant code, enhances tracing and batch registration, and delivers extensive refactoring and bug fixes to improve stability and extensibility for cloud‑native service discovery and configuration management.
This article explains how a WeChat team used Domain‑Driven Design to improve the maintainability, scalability, and stability of a fast‑paced, multi‑team e‑commerce project, covering strategic and tactical modeling, layered architecture, subdomains, bounded contexts, anti‑corruption layers, domain events, aggregates, repositories, and a practical code scaffold with C++ examples.
This article explains how to replace numerous static Feign client interfaces with a single dynamic Feign client in Spring, showing the generic service definition, a client factory, and usage examples that streamline inter‑service HTTP calls while keeping code reusable and maintainable.
