This article explains how to combine Domain‑Driven Design's four‑layer architecture with a microservice‑oriented application SDK, introduces the D3boot lightweight framework and its modular base components, and shows how the approach simplifies building SaaS and PaaS systems while keeping code reusable and maintainable.
This tutorial explains how to automate the full lifecycle of a Spring Cloud microservice—from developers pushing code to Git, Jenkins pulling and building it with Maven, packaging the JAR into a Docker image, pushing the image to a private registry, and finally deploying or updating the service on a Kubernetes cluster using YAML manifests.
Bilibili created an AI‑powered customer‑service platform that integrates a WeChat Work chat UI, a conversation state machine, Elasticsearch and LLM‑based FAQ retrieval, and a low‑code admin console, replacing a thousand‑person manual support team, handling thousands of queries, boosting resolution rates and enabling cross‑team reuse.
This article explains the concept of distributed tracing, outlines its underlying principles in Java, details step‑by‑step implementation using popular SDKs, and describes common application scenarios such as performance monitoring, fault diagnosis, complex event handling, traffic analysis, and system optimization.
This article explains Bilibili's technical strategies—preloading, circuit breaking, sharding, multi‑active deployment, and Kubernetes auto‑scaling—that ensure the live‑gift panel, feeding flow, and supporting services maintain 99.99% uptime even during massive traffic spikes.
The article analyzes common pain points in daily development testing such as manual data preparation, backend dependency, and unstable UI automation, then evaluates existing API‑mock tools like Apifox before presenting a custom mock platform that decouples frontend from backend, supports encrypted data, selective mocking, fault simulation, and provides a visual interface for managing mock rules and recordings.
This guide walks you through setting up Spring Cloud Task on Spring Boot 2.7 with Spring Cloud 2021, covering environment requirements, Maven dependencies, configuration files, task annotations, ApplicationRunner implementation, database schema, task listeners, and advanced task configuration options.
This article presents a concise Spring Cloud microservice architecture diagram, explains each component such as DNS, CDN, LVS, Nginx, Nacos, Sentinel, Redis, and Elasticsearch, and offers practical guidance on their roles, selection criteria, and implementation details for interview preparation.
This article outlines Vivo’s journey from zero to a production‑grade microservice platform that now supports over 500 million users, detailing the business drivers, architectural capability matrix, open‑source component choices, challenges with registration and configuration centers, the engine upgrades, unified platform construction, and future directions for cloud‑native scalability.
This article explains the concepts, design principles, and key differences among RESTful, SOAP, RPC, SOA, and microservices, and outlines why microservices have emerged as an evolution of SOA, illustrated with typical framework examples and architectural evolution diagrams.
This article explains the principles and benefits of distributed tracing systems, introduces OpenTracing standards, details SkyWalking’s architecture and mechanisms for automatic span collection, context propagation, unique trace IDs, sampling strategies, and performance impact, and shares practical implementation experiences and custom plugin development within a real‑world microservice environment.
This article explains why MQ is needed beyond in‑process event listeners, details the required dependencies for Spring Boot 3, shows how to configure RocketMQ, provides code snippets for producer, consumer, and testing, and offers practical tips for handling async, batch, and one‑way messaging.
This article introduces a lightweight, open‑source SMS platform built with SpringBoot and Vue, explains its server‑side architecture, provides step‑by‑step deployment instructions, and demonstrates how to send templated messages using a simple Java SDK.
TangoFlow is a low‑code, flow‑based programming platform that lets NetEase Cloud Music developers visually assemble, debug, and deploy backend service orchestrations via drag‑and‑drop nodes, generating DSL for execution, reducing script sprawl, resource waste, and governance gaps while integrating with the existing Tango UI.
Tencent News refactored its high‑traffic bottom‑page service—handling over 35 k QPS and a billion daily requests—by cleaning 100 k lines of PHP, adopting a JSON‑driven expr configuration layer, integrating profiling tools and CI/CD, which unified five entry scenarios, cut latency, boosted cache hits and raised stability dramatically.
Prime Video’s engineers detail how abandoning a costly micro‑service and serverless setup for a streamlined monolithic architecture on EC2/ECS cut infrastructure expenses by over 90 % while boosting scalability, challenging the prevailing cloud‑native hype.
This article explains the concept, advantages, and implementation methods of Single Sign‑On (SSO) and provides two complete hands‑on examples—including architecture diagrams, database schema, configuration, and Java code for token‑based, ticket‑based, and RSA/AES encrypted SSO flows—using SpringBoot, Vue and Uni‑App.
This article explains how to achieve the three‑high goals of high performance, high availability and easy scalability in microservice systems by using traffic governance techniques such as circuit breaking, various isolation strategies, retry mechanisms, timeout controls, degradation tactics and rate‑limiting, illustrated with practical examples and diagrams.
This article details the background, pain points, and step‑by‑step technical solution behind refactoring a massive 670,000‑line, 46‑module ticketing application at Alibaba, highlighting architecture redesign, code simplification, performance gains, and a pragmatic rollout plan.
2023 saw a growing backlash against microservices as major players like Google, Amazon, and Basecamp’s DHH highlight performance, cost, and complexity issues, proposing monolithic or “microservices 2.0” approaches that promise lower latency, reduced expenses, and simpler deployment, sparking a re‑evaluation of cloud‑native architectures.
vivo has officially joined the CNCF to accelerate its internal cloud‑native adoption—leveraging Kubernetes, Helm, Harbor and other open‑source tools to build a robust container platform, enhance business delivery, share knowledge with the global community, contribute to CNCF projects, and continue advancing micro‑services and containerization.
This article explains the inner workings of Nacos' long‑polling mechanism, covering both client‑side scheduling and server‑side handling, with detailed code walkthroughs, architectural diagrams, and insights into how configuration changes are detected and propagated in a distributed system.
This article explains how Bilibili's account platform was refactored into a unified multi‑tenant microservice system, covering the background problems, domain‑driven design, data isolation strategies, configuration‑driven tenant onboarding, deployment models, gray‑release migration, and solutions for bidirectional data sync loops.
The article details Bilibili’s migration of its legacy PHP live‑broadcast service to Go microservices using Domain‑Driven Design and Hexagonal architecture, describing event‑storming, six‑layer tactical design, TDD, traffic‑mirroring migration, and resulting higher reliability, lower latency, and improved maintainability.
This article details a comprehensive system refactoring project that transformed a monolithic, all‑in‑one architecture into a distributed, micro‑service‑based design with a completely rebuilt database model, covering problem analysis, solution design, phased implementation, testing, and rollout strategies.
This tutorial explains how to integrate Feign‑reactive into a Spring Boot 2.7 application, covering dependencies, reactive interface definitions, fallback handling, custom configurations, timeout, load‑balancing, and circuit‑breaker settings with complete code examples.
This tutorial walks through setting up a PostgreSQL 16.1 + Citus 12.1 cluster with Docker, creating separate schemas and roles for user, time, and ping microservices, distributing them via schema‑based sharding, and demonstrating CRUD operations and verification of data placement across three worker nodes.
This article by a senior architect provides a detailed overview of payment system architecture, covering transaction and payment cores, system interactions, service governance, asynchronous processing, and production practices, while also offering practical performance testing and stability strategies.
This article details how a data‑compliance company evaluated several cloud‑native API gateways, selected Higress for its Kubernetes‑native architecture, built custom Wasm plugins, leveraged HTTP‑to‑Dubbo conversion, migrated from Nginx Ingress, and achieved higher performance and operational simplicity.
The article proposes a unified structural template that links business and technical architectures for multi‑module applications, revisiting the VSEF framework with client and business‑logic modules, handling concerns such as exceptions, idempotency and concurrency, using a simple Request/Result model, and demonstrating its reuse through price‑insurance and Groupon case studies, enabling rapid, container‑like service initialization while preserving clear separation of logic and infrastructure.
This article provides a detailed walkthrough of Nacos' configuration center long‑polling mechanism, explaining how the client initializes ConfigService, schedules periodic checks, processes configuration changes, and how the server receives listener requests, manages long‑polling tasks, and triggers change events, all illustrated with code snippets and diagrams.
Jinzhou Bank’s mobile banking investment service micro‑service transformation project passed the CAICT’s DevOps Continuous Delivery Level‑3 assessment, showcasing how standardized DevOps practices, agile adoption, and tool‑chain empowerment dramatically improved delivery speed, quality, and operational efficiency, positioning the bank at a domestic industry‑leading level.
This article walks through the complete design and implementation of a permission module for the Mall e‑commerce project, covering functional design, database schema, API specifications, and key technical choices such as Spring Security, JWT, and Redis‑based AOP optimization.
This article explains the principles and benefits of distributed tracing, introduces the OpenTracing standard, details SkyWalking's architecture and solutions for automatic span collection, context propagation, unique trace IDs, sampling strategies, performance impact, and shares practical customizations and plugin development experiences.
A senior architect discusses the challenges of applying microservice architecture to real‑time game servers, highlighting latency, stateful processing, and network overhead, and shares multiple expert opinions on when microservices are appropriate versus when monolithic designs are preferable for high‑performance gaming.
This article details how Tencent Docs implements a flexible architecture that can switch between monolithic and microservice deployments, describing the motivations, such as framework diversity, configuration conflicts, global variable management, hidden bugs, the custom 'monolith' tool with its configuration format, and the resulting performance and resource savings.
This article explains the CQRS pattern, its origins, benefits, and pitfalls, then details how to implement CQRS and event sourcing in Spring‑based microservices using Axon and Kafka, while discussing architectural considerations, scalability, consistency, and tooling.
This article outlines nine practical microservices best practices—from applying the Single Responsibility Principle and forming cross‑functional teams to using proper DevSecOps tools, asynchronous communication, independent data stores, and robust monitoring—to help developers design scalable, maintainable, and secure backend architectures.
This article details Bilibili's step‑by‑step transformation of a fragmented, high‑coupling live‑commerce system into a modular, platform‑centric architecture, covering product middle‑platform construction, unified standards, storage migration, monitoring with Prometheus/Grafana, and performance gains such as a three‑fold query speedup and a reduction of development cycles from 46 to 5 person‑days.
This article provides a comprehensive technical walkthrough of Nacos as a service registry, covering its core features, architecture components, the underlying registration and health‑check processes, source‑code analysis of Spring Cloud integration, and the detailed service‑discovery workflow.
Facing 20 billion daily requests, Ctrip’s API gateway evolved from a Zuul‑based prototype to a fully asynchronous, single‑threaded Netty design, employing RxJava, custom flow control, multi‑protocol support, and modular governance to achieve high throughput, low latency, and scalable operations.
This article explores how to build a robust engineering architecture by prioritizing product value, defining clear layered and DDD structures, selecting appropriate technologies, and establishing standards for exception, logging, monitoring, and team collaboration to achieve scalability, maintainability, reliability, security, and high performance.
Tencent Docs built a configurable “monolith” tool that merges selected tRPC‑Go microservices into a few monolithic modules for private‑cloud deployments, overcoming framework, configuration, global‑state, and bug‑resolution challenges, and achieving up to 75 % image‑size reduction and 96 % memory savings while preserving microservice advantages where needed.
This article presents Qunar Travel's "system slimming" project, describing how observability techniques, a two‑stage strategy, and automated tooling were used to identify and remove unused services and code, achieving a 50% reduction in code size, a 26% cut in services, and measurable improvements in reliability and release efficiency.
This tutorial walks through advanced Spring Cloud Function features—including handling HTTP request parameters, function mapping and filtering rules, functional bean definitions, visualization via Actuator, and package scanning—providing code examples and configuration tips for Spring Boot 2.7.15 projects.
In a recent interview with a listed game company, the author explores why microservice architectures, despite their popularity for scalable web applications, often clash with the low‑latency, state‑heavy requirements of real‑time game servers, highlighting technical and team‑size considerations.
The article explains the evolution of software architecture by describing monolithic, distributed, microservice, and serverless models, outlining their structures, advantages, disadvantages, and practical considerations for developers and teams.
The article traces the evolution from monolithic applications to microservices and serverless architectures, outlines their benefits and pitfalls, proposes a balanced four‑component model, and shows how modern meta‑frameworks and BaaS solutions can dramatically reduce technical complexity.
This article introduces the architecture and core functions of Automotive Home Push Platform, covering its development history, technical implementation, monitoring system, and future plans for intelligent message distribution.
This article explains how the team transformed a Go‑based microservice recommendation system into a single‑pod monolithic application using tRPC‑Go, detailing performance bottlenecks, code‑level mock‑proxy techniques, deployment adjustments, and the resulting dramatic reduction in CPU consumption.
This article analyzes the existing issues of the Tencent Docs web‑gateway, explains why dependency versions and monorepo structure caused resource exhaustion, and details a series of engineering improvements using pnpm workspace, custom Docker contexts, lock‑file hooks, and soft‑link strategies to achieve a clean, reproducible build pipeline.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the lightweight XXL‑RPC framework, covering fundamental RPC concepts, the framework's architecture built on Spring and Netty, detailed provider and consumer implementations, various call types, and the service registry‑discovery mechanism, concluding with practical insights for developers.
The article describes the background, pain points, and detailed design of the Xinge messaging platform, including decoupling of messages, lifecycle management, rate‑limiting strategies, template usage, and future enhancements to provide a unified, reliable backend service for business notifications.
This article outlines nine practical best‑practice steps for designing a low‑complexity, high‑efficiency microservices ecosystem, covering principles such as the Single Responsibility Principle, cross‑functional team organization, appropriate tooling, asynchronous communication, DevSecOps security, independent data stores, isolated deployment, orchestration, and effective monitoring, each illustrated with concrete examples.
The article lists twelve common anti‑patterns—such as over‑splitting microservices, writing excessively long methods, random naming, misleading comments, and avoiding logging—that dramatically reduce code readability and increase maintenance difficulty, illustrating each with a fictional developer’s missteps.
This article explains how a large‑scale recommendation system built with tRPC‑Go microservices was refactored into a single‑process monolith to cut network overhead, reduce CPU usage by over 60%, and retain the benefits of microservice development while minimizing code changes.
The article explains what integration testing is, why it matters in micro‑service e‑commerce systems, demonstrates a Flask order‑creation example, and offers concrete planning, data, case, security, and CI/CD recommendations to ensure contracts between services work as expected.
This article evaluates the startup speed, memory consumption, and request‑handling performance of a simple Spring Boot "Hello World" service when run on the traditional JVM compared with a GraalVM‑compiled native binary, using a MacBook M1 and Bombardier for load testing.
This guide walks through Spring Cloud OpenFeign's core concepts, enabling steps, custom configurations, timeout handling, logging, retry mechanisms, interceptors, fallback strategies, caching, inheritance, compression, and reactive alternatives, providing developers with a comprehensive reference for building robust microservice clients.
This article walks through the journey of transforming a simple online supermarket from a monolithic application to a fully fledged microservice architecture, highlighting the motivations, design decisions, component breakdown, operational challenges, monitoring, tracing, resilience patterns, testing strategies, and the role of service meshes.
This article explains the CQRS architectural pattern, its benefits and challenges, and provides a step‑by‑step guide to implementing CQRS, event sourcing, and asynchronous communication with Spring Boot, Axon, and Apache Kafka in microservice environments.
The article reflects on the promises and pitfalls of microservices, comparing them to monolithic architectures, and shares practical lessons about scalability, deployment complexity, data consistency, and when a monolith might actually be the better choice.
A developer shares insights from a game company interview, explaining why microservice architectures often clash with the low‑latency, state‑heavy requirements of real‑time multiplayer games and when they might still be appropriate.
This article chronicles the year‑long evolution of the voice‑chat room system, detailing how product‑driven requirements forced successive redesigns of both the live‑streaming and RTC subsystems, the introduction of session‑and‑channel abstractions, migration of mic‑seat management to the backend, and the implementation of monitoring, testing, and deployment practices that keep the architecture stable and extensible.
This article provides a detailed walkthrough of a typical microservice architecture, covering entry traffic with Nginx, gateway selection, business service design, service registry options, caching and distributed locks with Redis, data persistence strategies, structured data storage, messaging middleware, log collection, task scheduling, and distributed object storage, while also promoting related community resources.
Bilibili built a middleware‑based chaos engineering platform that injects faults into Golang microservices via AOP, supporting server‑ and client‑side, database, cache, and queue components, with fine‑grained instance, request, target, and user controls, automated dependency collection, experiment orchestration, and CI integration to boost system reliability.
The article humorously lists twelve common coding “techniques” that reduce readability and increase maintenance difficulty, illustrating each with exaggerated examples of a programmer named Er Gou who over‑splits microservices, writes massive methods, misuses comments, copies code, and ignores logging.
This article walks through the evolution of an online supermarket from a simple monolithic website to a fully decoupled microservice architecture, covering initial requirements, common pitfalls, service decomposition, database splitting, monitoring, tracing, logging, gateways, service discovery, circuit breaking, testing, frameworks, and service mesh, while illustrating each step with diagrams and practical advice.
The article walks through a DDD‑inspired four‑layer microservice architecture, explains how an application SDK enables RPC communication across services, details each architectural layer, and showcases the open‑source D3boot framework that bundles reusable base components, BOM management, and SaaS‑ready features for rapid backend development.
This article details the challenges of RPC stability in a large‑scale microservice environment and explains the architectural redesign, SLO implementation, logging governance, exception dashboards, degradation, rate‑limiting, outlier removal, thread‑pool isolation, weak registry dependencies, and post‑incident knowledge‑base practices that together ensure reliable, high‑performance service communication.
By replacing the naïve double‑loop matcher with a Double‑Array Trie‑based Aho‑Corasick automaton and refactoring the system into a layered name‑and‑data microservice architecture that shards the keyword dictionary and rebuilds the automaton only on version changes, the real‑time keyword‑matching service reduced latency from seconds to milliseconds even at thousands of QPS.
This article details Qunar's comprehensive overhaul of its monitoring platform—introducing second‑level metrics, redesigning storage with VictoriaMetrics, optimizing client and server data collection, and building a root‑cause analysis tool—to dramatically reduce order‑related fault discovery time from minutes to under one minute.
The article examines whether Docker incurs performance penalties compared to native services, arguing that the decision to adopt containers and micro‑services must weigh business complexity, company stage, team size, infrastructure readiness, and operational costs rather than relying on generic hype.
This article walks through the step‑by‑step evolution of an online supermarket from a simple monolithic web app to a fully split microservice architecture, highlighting the problems encountered, the rationale for each refactoring decision, and the essential components such as service isolation, messaging, monitoring, tracing, gateway, service discovery, circuit breaking, testing, and service mesh.
This article outlines ten practical techniques—including system splitting, decoupling, asynchronous processing, retry strategies, compensation, backup, multi‑active deployment, isolation, rate limiting, circuit breaking, and degradation—to help engineers design highly available, resilient architectures for large‑scale internet applications.
This article explains how to build a Spring Boot‑based service registry that replicates Nacos' core features—service discovery, health‑checking, and dynamic configuration management—by creating server‑side registration APIs, scheduled heartbeat checks, client registration logic, and database‑backed configuration storage.
This article explains how to use Spring Cloud Gateway 3.1.5 to create a lightweight API gateway by configuring routes in YAML and implementing routing logic directly in a Spring MVC or WebFlux controller with ProxyExchange, covering features, code examples, and dynamic path mapping.
This guide explains how to install the Apache Dubbo in Spring Framework plugin for IntelliJ IDEA 2023.2+, outlines two installation methods, and walks through creating a Dubbo microservice project with version selection, component choices, and final project generation, plus useful links.
This article provides an extensive overview of software architecture, covering its definition, history, core concepts, design principles, complexity sources, design process, performance, high availability, scalability, and practical implementation techniques for large‑scale web systems.
This article analyses how Domain‑Driven Design and a systematic architecture‑mapping process were applied to the Tencent Video “together‑watch” service, presenting concrete domain models, architectural decisions, refactoring steps, and quantitative evaluations—including code‑size reduction, performance gains, and cost savings—while preserving the full analytical reasoning behind each choice.
Japanese game developer KMS migrated from Azure to Tencent Cloud, adopting a cloud‑native architecture with Tencent’s Elastic Microservice platform that provides timed and metric‑based scaling, CI/CD pipelines, and batch upgrades, resulting in roughly 50% cost savings, 15% performance gains and 50% latency reduction.
This article presents a comprehensive, four‑stage roadmap for backend developers, covering foundational Go knowledge, engineering best practices, advanced system architecture, and expert‑level soft skills, offering practical guidance for career growth and technical mastery.
The article shows how to monolithize selected tRPC‑Go microservices by defining protobuf‑generated Go interfaces and swapping RPC proxies for in‑process implementations via a proxy API, cutting CPU usage by 61% while keeping microservice flexibility and offering best‑practice guidelines for Go service design.
This article details the complete redesign of QQ Browser's content ingestion system, explaining why the original micro‑service architecture caused low efficiency and performance, and how a zero‑base redesign using a monolithic service, plugin framework, fault‑tolerant pipelines, and thread separation dramatically improved throughput, latency, and developer productivity.
This article explains the business scenarios that drive the need for globally unique distributed IDs, analyzes the challenges of uniqueness, performance, and availability, and details Vivo's self‑built LuBan ID service—including its architecture, three ID formats, custom extensions, SDK usage, performance optimizations, and real‑world deployment metrics.
This article explains what a service gateway is, why it is needed in microservice architectures, its core functions such as routing, authentication, monitoring and rate limiting, and provides practical technology choices like Java, Spring Boot, Zuul, Consul, JWT, Prometheus, Grafana, ELK and JMeter.
This article explains Huolala’s multi‑group microservice architecture, covering its background, core principles, deployment, discovery, routing strategies, extension mechanisms, and practical application scenarios that enable flexible, versioned, and policy‑driven service routing.
The article presents a curated list of 22 Java teaching projects spanning domains such as food delivery, CRM, e‑learning, logistics, and more, each with brief functional descriptions, architecture diagrams, and resource links, and highlights the last two projects as especially valuable for developers seeking practical experience.
This article explains the challenges of data permission control in multi‑system environments, outlines a unified RBAC‑based model with extensible dimensions, and provides a step‑by‑step integration guide and SDK implementation for Java backends, including code snippets and practical considerations.
This article details Qunar's systematic approach to reducing service complexity and code volume by half, covering background challenges, two‑phase planning, criteria for merging or deleting services, tooling such as Serviceability Agent for method‑level analysis, automated and semi‑automated deletion workflows, verification steps, and the measurable performance gains achieved.
This article presents a comprehensive, step‑by‑step roadmap for backend engineers, covering everything from basic Go language concepts, data structures, and OS fundamentals to advanced microservice design, high‑performance networking, scalability, reliability, security, DevOps practices, team and product management, and real‑world project execution.
This article recounts the step‑by‑step evolution of a ride‑hailing order service’s data layer—from a single SQLServer database through SQL optimization, read‑write splitting, business‑domain sharding, caching and MQ integration, to a custom sharding component and smooth migration to MySQL—highlighting challenges, solutions, and lessons learned.
tRPC is a highly extensible, plugin‑driven backend RPC framework designed to unify disparate service stacks, support cloud‑native components, and provide cross‑language, multi‑protocol, and streaming capabilities while delivering strong performance and easy integration for large‑scale enterprises.
This article examines why local locks fail in distributed micro‑service environments, introduces Redis‑based distributed locking, walks through five incremental lock designs—from a simple SETNX implementation to a Lua‑script atomic solution—highlighting each scheme's trade‑offs, code examples, and practical pitfalls.
The article details Gaode’s journey of building a high‑performance Go ecosystem that scaled from zero to tens of millions of QPS, comparing Go with Java and Erlang, outlining cloud‑native serverless architecture, and sharing real‑world refactoring and optimization case studies such as a million‑QPS rendering gateway and a Go‑based sharding middleware.
Distributed tracing helps reconstruct the call chain of a request across multiple services and machines, providing insights into latency, errors, and performance; this article explains tracing concepts, OpenTracing standards, and how SkyWalking implements automatic span collection, context propagation, unique trace IDs, sampling, and its architecture and performance advantages.
This tutorial explains the concepts of service registration and discovery in microservice architectures, introduces Nacos as a dynamic registry, and provides step‑by‑step PHP code for registering providers and discovering services using the Webman framework, including persistence and clustering considerations.
Explore the essential distinctions between microservices and event‑driven architecture, covering service granularity, data handling, bounded contexts, and practical use‑case scenarios, to help architects and developers choose the right approach for scalable, responsive software systems.
This guide explains what Nacos is, its core features such as service registration, dynamic configuration, and DNS services, and provides step‑by‑step instructions for installing the webman‑nacos plugin, configuring Nacos, writing PHP code to read configurations, and using dynamic listeners and version rollback.
The article examines microservice communication methods, comparing event‑driven (including event notification and event sourcing) with RPC, discussing API gateways, service coupling, design limits, internal microservice design, and provides practical guidance on choosing the appropriate approach.
