This article walks through the core functionalities and business flows of a single‑database order system—covering user order placement, order list queries, detail views, and cancellations—while explaining how Controller, Service, Repository, and Mapper components interact within the backend architecture.
This tutorial walks through the fundamentals of microservices, setting up a Spring Cloud project with Eureka service registry, configuring server and client modules, implementing load‑balanced calls using Ribbon and Feign, and achieving high availability with multiple Eureka instances, all illustrated with code snippets and configuration files.
This article provides a comprehensive guide to microservice monitoring—including log, tracing, and metrics approaches—fault‑tolerance isolation techniques, access‑security mechanisms such as API‑gateway and OAuth2.0, and the role of container technologies like Docker in cloud‑native deployments.
This article presents a comprehensive set of practical microservice design guidelines—including stateless services, front‑back separation, domain‑driven business abstraction, use‑case and entity convergence, high cohesion, low coupling, vertical and horizontal slicing, and team self‑organization—to help architects build scalable, maintainable backend systems.
This article explains the fundamentals of event‑driven architecture, outlines when it should be used, describes common patterns such as event notification, state transfer, event sourcing, and CQRS, and provides a detailed example of applying these concepts in a content‑platform microservice system with code snippets and deployment considerations.
This guide walks you through designing a simple front‑back separation microservice architecture, implementing it with Java Spring Boot, deploying multiple instances with Eureka, adding Prometheus‑Grafana monitoring, logging, tracing, flow control, and finally installing Kubernetes using K8seasy and verifying high‑availability across the cluster.
This article walks through a real‑world Kubernetes outage caused by DNS and Nacos client bugs, explains the chain of failures, and presents a failure‑oriented design that adds push‑empty protection and outlier removal using Alibaba Cloud MSE to keep microservices highly available.
This article shares practical experience of using Domain‑Driven Design to refactor an e‑commerce product detail page, detailing domain decomposition, relationship‑network design, polymorphic logic handling, and two concrete case studies that illustrate how to support both online and offline sales scenarios with minimal impact on existing services.
The article details how a business‑oriented company built an architecture committee, secured leadership support, defined clear design principles, restructured a monolithic common package into modular base projects, and used concrete case studies and team‑wide promotion to successfully evolve its technical architecture.
This article explains the principles and workflow of Single Sign-On (SSO) using OAuth2.0, illustrates the process with a real‑life scenario, compares multi‑point and single‑point login, and provides a complete Spring Boot example for building an authorization server, client, and role‑based access control in micro‑service architectures.
This article explains the concepts, pros and cons of monolithic and microservice architectures, details the design of API gateways, outlines service registration and discovery mechanisms, and introduces open‑source configuration center solutions for modern backend systems.
Uber transitioned from a monolithic codebase to a service‑oriented architecture, detailing goals like 99.99% reliability, core vs optional code separation, DISCO dispatch optimization, real‑time location tracking with Kafka, Hadoop, Spark, and the supporting infrastructure such as load balancers, web sockets, and security layers.
The article outlines a comprehensive backend architecture for handling million‑level daily active users, covering DNS routing, L4/L7 load balancing, monolithic versus microservice deployment, caching, database sharding, hybrid‑cloud deployment, elastic scaling, and multi‑level degradation strategies to ensure high availability under sudden traffic spikes.
This article presents a comprehensive roadmap for adopting microservice architecture, explaining why it is chosen, outlining essential concerns such as Docker, container orchestration, API gateways, load balancing, service discovery, event buses, logging, monitoring, tracing, data persistence, caching, and cloud providers, and recommending popular tools for each component.
The article explains how to build a highly available, horizontally scalable architecture for million‑level daily active users by combining DNS routing, L4/L7 load balancing, micro‑service decomposition, caching, sharded databases, hybrid‑cloud deployment, elastic scaling and multi‑level degradation strategies.
The talk explains how Tubi's Multimedia Processing Platform uses an interface‑driven architecture, Elixir protocols, and composable movers and comparators to migrate petabyte‑scale video files across cloud storage while balancing performance, cost, and testability, offering practical insights for Ruby and backend engineers.
The article examines a supply‑chain microservice system where initial product‑centric design caused performance and dependency problems, explores data‑redundancy and message‑based sync approaches, and ultimately proposes a decoupled real‑time synchronization solution using the Bifrost open‑source middleware to improve scalability and maintainability.
The article describes how Haodf's SRE team replaced Elasticsearch with ClickHouse to handle massive microservice logs, achieve low‑latency queries, reduce storage costs, and support real‑time monitoring, tracing, and metric analysis through columnar OLAP features, sharding, TTL, and materialized views.
This article walks through the step‑by‑step evolution of a basic single‑server MVP architecture into a large‑scale distributed system, using a simulated Taobao example to illustrate ten‑plus architectural stages, key technologies, design principles, and the eventual shift to cloud‑native microservices.
This article explains the role, challenges, and solution of JD Daojia's business gateway, detailing how it aggregates multiple backend services, adopts workflow orchestration to improve code consistency, scalability, and development efficiency, and outlines future architectural considerations.
This tutorial explains the fundamentals of service mesh, outlines Istio’s architecture and core components, demonstrates how to install and configure Istio on Kubernetes, and showcases common use cases such as traffic management, security, observability, and alternatives, providing a comprehensive guide for modern micro‑service deployments.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Seata, covering its origins, supported transaction modes, installation steps, database initialization, detailed configuration for registry and Apollo, client setup, transaction lifecycle components, and scheduled tasks that manage global and branch transaction states.
This article outlines the major DevOps trends—including micro‑service architecture, serverless computing, low‑code platforms, Kubernetes evolution, DevSecOps, and AI integration—that are expected to drive faster delivery, higher quality, and greater agility in software development and operations.
This tutorial explains the fundamentals of service mesh, outlines Istio’s architecture and core components, demonstrates how to install Istio on Kubernetes, and walks through practical examples such as traffic routing, security policies, observability, and common use‑cases, while also comparing alternative solutions.
This article explains how Spring Cloud Alibaba provides a one‑stop microservices solution, details its components and migration costs, offers practical learning steps, and recommends resources for mastering the framework, making it ideal for businesses seeking rapid digital transformation.
The AiFanFan Communication system was refactored by applying domain‑driven design and micro‑services, replacing an outdated Windows C++ client and excessive middleware with a five‑layer architecture, streamlined protocols, and a cross‑platform Electron‑Vue UI, resulting in clearer modules, higher stability, reduced team size, and faster feature delivery.
This guide outlines why microservice architecture is preferred for large applications, presents a clear learning roadmap, and details each critical concern—such as Docker, orchestration, API gateways, load balancing, service discovery, event buses, logging, monitoring, tracing, persistence, caching, and cloud providers—along with recommended tools.
A group of e‑commerce engineers share their real‑world experiences on selecting technologies, designing architectures, handling rapid growth, and avoiding common mistakes when building a new online store from scratch, offering practical guidance on infrastructure, DevOps, and team organization.
This article explores microservice data design, covering the definition and benefits of microservices, principles for decoupling, lightweight APIs, DevOps integration, decentralized data governance, database per service versus shared databases, polyglot persistence, multi‑model databases, and why MongoDB’s dynamic schema, change streams, and sharding make it a strong fit for scalable microservice architectures.
This article explains microservice fundamentals, outlines their advantages and technical traits, and provides practical guidance on data design, database selection, polyglot persistence, scaling strategies, and why MongoDB often fits microservice architectures best.
Applying Domain‑Driven Design to Youzan’s Credit Core System involved consulting experts, mapping loan processes, using four‑color modeling to define documents, participants, roles and data, establishing bounded contexts, designing sub‑domains with use‑case diagrams, and adopting a layered (often hexagonal) architecture to ensure maintainable, scalable microservices.
The article presents a detailed 19‑section knowledge map for software architects, covering everything from core responsibilities and fundamentals to distributed caching, messaging, load balancing, performance testing, OS, algorithms, networking, databases, JVM, micro‑services, DDD, security, high availability, big data, and blockchain, with visual mind‑maps for each topic.
This article outlines why microservice architecture is preferred over monolithic designs, presents a clear learning roadmap, and details essential concerns such as Docker, orchestration, API gateways, load balancing, service discovery, logging, monitoring, tracing, persistence, caching, and cloud providers, with recommended tools for each.
The article explains how the misconception of treating distribution as the whole of microservices leads to a distributed‑monolith trap, and shows how mixing command‑driven and event‑driven communication can decouple services, improve reliability, and guide a smooth migration from monolith to microservices.
This article presents a series of downloadable system architecture templates covering DMP, blockchain, data quality governance, enterprise technology, data architecture, Xelerator, alarm platform, microservices, front‑back separation, and a generic architecture, each illustrated with descriptive diagrams and brief explanations.
This article details the design and implementation of the Apex API gateway at Tencent, covering its architecture, dynamic routing, multi‑protocol support, distributed rate limiting, circuit breaking, service discovery, data masking, orchestration, testing automation, push services, observability, and future roadmap.
This article explains seven widely used software architecture patterns—layered, multi‑layer, pipe‑filter, client‑server, MVC, event‑driven, and microservices—detailing their contexts, problems they solve, core concepts, advantages, drawbacks, and typical use cases for building robust systems.
This article outlines the functional and non‑functional requirements, traffic calculations, service decomposition, and detailed microservice designs needed to build a highly available, scalable Twitter‑style system using distributed caches, databases, and asynchronous processing.
This article explains how PolarisMesh, Tencent's open‑source service discovery and governance platform, solves service address management and fault tolerance challenges in a Spring Boot microservice ecosystem, and provides step‑by‑step instructions—including Maven dependency, provider and consumer configuration, and sample code—to quickly integrate PolarisMesh via Feign.
This article explains why microservice architecture is preferred over monolithic applications, outlines a learning roadmap, and details essential concerns such as Docker, container orchestration, API gateways, load balancing, service discovery, event buses, logging, monitoring, tracing, persistence, caching, and cloud providers.
This article explains what APIs are, introduces RPC and gRPC, compares them with REST across protocols, data formats, performance, code generation, and browser support, and offers guidance on when to choose gRPC or REST for microservice and mobile applications.
This article explains the background, concepts, resource granularity, rule definition, calculation logic, and implementation steps for rate limiting and circuit breaking in microservice architectures, using examples from Spring Cloud, Kong, and Alibaba Sentinel to guide practical design decisions.
This guide explains how to set up distributed tracing for Spring Cloud microservices using Sleuth and Zipkin, integrate logs with the ELK stack, configure Logback for Logstash output, and query traces in Kibana, providing step‑by‑step code and configuration examples.
This article explains why and when to break a monolithic application into microservices, outlines the business and technical signals that trigger splitting, presents guiding principles, functional and non‑functional strategies, and risk‑mitigation practices to ensure a smooth, sustainable migration.
This article walks through a real‑world microservice outage, analyzes the risk chain, presents four high‑availability strategies, details service‑discovery and configuration‑management HA designs, and provides a step‑by‑step Kubernetes demo with code, monitoring, fault injection and results.
The article examines the definition, pain points, and industry approaches to managing ultra‑complex microservice call networks, highlighting ByteDance's layered architecture, traffic identity marking, and practical recommendations for scaling and governing massive service ecosystems.
This article examines how small and medium‑size banks can adopt cloud‑native architectures—covering industry pressures, Kubernetes adoption statistics, a 15‑point transformation checklist, maturity models, team‑structure options, and practical selection guidance to achieve efficient, resilient digital transformation.
The article explains how a supply‑chain system originally relied on tight microservice coupling for product queries, encountered performance and reliability issues, and then adopted data‑redundancy and a message‑driven decoupled synchronization architecture—using Bifrost—to improve query speed, consistency, and service independence.
This article explains what cloud‑native architecture is, why it is essential for modern SaaS businesses, and provides a step‑by‑step guide—including serverless migration, elasticity, observability, resilience, and automation—on how to adopt it using Alibaba Cloud SAE and related services.
This article provides a comprehensive tutorial on creating Spring Cloud microservices, covering the fundamentals of microservice architecture, project initialization with Maven and IntelliJ, configuring Eureka registration servers, implementing service providers and consumers, using Ribbon and Feign for load‑balanced calls, and setting up high‑availability Eureka clusters.
This article explains microservice fundamentals, outlines their advantages, and dives deep into data‑design considerations such as one‑database‑per‑service, polyglot persistence versus multi‑model databases, and why MongoDB’s dynamic schema, change streams, and sharding make it a strong fit for scalable microservice architectures.
Jeepay is an open‑source, Spring Boot‑based payment platform that supports multiple channels such as WeChat Pay, Alipay, and UnionPay, offering distributed deployment, high concurrency, secure signing, and a modular front‑back separation with comprehensive management and merchant interfaces.
This article explores the motivations, concepts, and practical implementation strategies for rate limiting and circuit breaking in microservice architectures, covering resource granularity, rule definition, sliding‑window calculations, and integration with API gateways to prevent cascading failures and resource exhaustion.
OOX is a Node.js‑based microservice solution that removes the need for route definitions and configuration files, supports both HTTP and Socket.IO, provides example code for calculator services, and includes recent updates such as AsyncLocalStorage tracing and Socket.IO 4.4.0.
This article explains microservice fundamentals, their advantages, technical characteristics, and detailed data‑design considerations, comparing shared versus per‑service databases, polyglot persistence versus multi‑model databases, and demonstrates why MongoDB is a strong fit for scalable, resilient microservice architectures.
This article explains the challenges of releasing new microservice versions, compares traditional blue‑green and canary deployments, introduces the concept of full‑chain gray release, and provides detailed, practical solutions—including physical and logical isolation, label routing, traffic coloring, distributed tracing, and a hands‑on MSE cloud‑native gateway demo with code snippets.
This article uses the historic Battle of Red Cliffs as an analogy to explain service avalanche, its causes in micro‑service architectures, and how circuit‑breaker, rate‑limiting, and isolation techniques can prevent cascading failures in modern distributed systems.
This article analyzes a Spring Boot startup failure caused by a conflict between @Autowired and @DubboReference annotations when injecting the same service bean, explaining the underlying mechanism and providing solutions.
This article explains Netflix’s home‑grown monitoring system Telltale, detailing its design, multi‑dimensional health‑assessment model, intelligent alerting, integration with Slack, deployment monitoring, and continuous optimization that together keep over a hundred production applications running smoothly.
This article presents a comprehensive case study of how Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) adopted Service Mesh technology to modernize its micro‑service architecture, detailing the platform’s design, deployment strategies, performance optimizations, enterprise‑level governance capabilities, and future development plans.
This article presents a comprehensive, practical design for an ultra‑large‑scale user center, covering microservice architecture, API separation, token generation with graceful degradation, data‑sharding strategies, password encryption, asynchronous processing, and detailed monitoring to ensure high availability, performance, and security.
This article details ICBC's five‑year journey of researching, designing, and deploying a large‑scale service mesh platform that integrates with its existing micro‑service framework, enabling language‑agnostic traffic management, smooth migration, and enterprise‑grade governance for high‑frequency and big‑data banking workloads.
The article shares practical experiences from evolving a mobile app store backend, comparing three API versioning models, detailing challenges of multi‑version client support, describing a two‑stage migration to compatible versioning, and offering design guidelines for scalable, maintainable service interfaces.
This article explains the fundamentals of database transactions, defines distributed transactions, and provides a comprehensive comparison of classic solutions such as XA, SAGA, TCC, local message tables, transaction messages, maximum‑effort notifications, and AT mode, while also covering exception handling and the sub‑transaction barrier technique.
This article explains the fundamentals of micro‑services architecture, then shows how its principles extend to the front‑end as micro‑frontends, detailing core concepts such as technical independence, isolated code, naming conventions, native browser communication, resilient design, and the many advantages they bring to modern web development.
This article explains how FreeWheel migrated its legacy Ruby monolith to a cloud‑native microservices platform using containerization, Kubernetes, service mesh, serverless functions, and internal low‑code tools, illustrating each stage of the cloud‑native evolution and the business benefits achieved.
This article introduces the high‑performance gRPC framework, explains why it uses HTTP/2 and Protocol Buffers, outlines its core components, and provides a step‑by‑step Python tutorial with environment setup, code generation, server and client implementations, and common application scenarios.
This article explores Koa’s core AOP‑based architecture, demonstrates minimal implementations using koa‑compose and Node.js http, and proposes a microservice‑oriented framework that extends Koa to support HTTP, Thrift, WebSocket and other services, complete with abstract server designs and example code.
Spring Cloud 2021.0.0 (Jubilee) introduces support for Spring Boot 2.6.1, adds configuration options for load balancing, integrates with major secret managers, and brings major enhancements to Gateway, Kubernetes, OpenFeign, and Sleuth, while providing a concise component version overview.
This article describes the architectural evolution from Gateway 1.0 to Gateway 2.0 for a high‑traffic document collaboration platform, detailing the redesign of the WebSocket layer, resource‑usage optimizations, heartbeat mechanisms, custom Kafka headers, message serialization, load‑testing results, and the operational lessons learned to support millions of concurrent connections.
Facing high memory usage and slow builds with Java SpringBoot, NetEase Media switched to Go in 2020, rebuilt core services, and created the cloud‑native ngo framework to deliver lighter containers, faster compilation, built‑in business libraries, tracing and monitoring, now running in production while hiring engineers.
This article details the redesign of Shimo Docs' WebSocket gateway—from a Node.js/Socket.IO 1.0 version to a Go‑based 2.0 architecture—covering handshake degradation, TLS memory savings, SnowFlake SocketID generation, Redis‑based session broadcasting, heartbeat tuning, custom Kafka headers, object pooling, MessagePack compression, extensive performance testing, and the resulting stability and scalability improvements for handling half‑a‑million concurrent connections.
This article explains seven fundamental software architecture patterns—layered, multi‑layer, pipe‑filter, client‑server, MVC, event‑driven, and microservices—detailing their contexts, problems they solve, typical structures, strengths, weaknesses, and appropriate use cases for developers and architects.
Modern software’s soaring complexity—from monolithic apps to micro‑service, container‑based, cloud‑native ecosystems—is overwhelming developers, forcing them to juggle endless tools, security, and performance demands, while organizations adopt internal platforms and curated “golden paths” to regain control and deliver value efficiently.
This tutorial explains the fundamentals of service mesh, details Istio's architecture and core components, and provides step‑by‑step instructions for installing Istio on Kubernetes, deploying a sample microservice application, and using common features such as traffic management, security, observability, and advanced use cases.
This tutorial introduces the fundamentals of service mesh, explains how Istio implements a mesh architecture, and walks through practical steps for installing Istio on Kubernetes, configuring traffic management, security, observability, and common use cases such as routing, circuit breaking, and mutual TLS.
The talk demonstrates how to apply Domain‑Driven Design and microservice architecture to an e‑commerce voucher platform by defining problem spaces and bounded contexts, prioritizing boundaries over aggregates, using layered‑on‑demand infrastructure, and following SOLID principles to achieve clear, maintainable services.
This article introduces seven widely used software architecture patterns—layered, multi‑layer, pipe‑filter, client‑server, MVC, event‑driven, and microservices—explaining their contexts, problems they solve, typical structures, advantages, drawbacks, and suitable application scenarios.
Large‑scale website architecture must balance massive user traffic, data volume, security threats, and rapid feature changes by adopting layered, distributed designs that emphasize high performance, high availability, scalability, extensibility, and agility, employing techniques such as caching, load balancing, clustering, sharding, and service‑oriented components.
This article describes the architecture, core features, and implementation details of a high‑performance API gateway built with RxNetty, covering request dispatch, conditional routing, API management, rate‑limiting, security policies, monitoring, and future improvement directions.
The article explains what Spring Boot application starters are, enumerates all 44 available starters with brief descriptions of their functionality, and invites readers to share the content and join a community for further architectural learning.
This article explains how to use the Go gobreaker library to implement circuit‑breaker patterns, describing its three states, state transitions, configurable parameters, and providing full source‑code examples to help developers improve fault tolerance in micro‑service architectures.
Baidu’s Fengjing monitoring platform tackles the daunting challenge of pinpointing failures in its massive Java‑based microservice ecosystem by employing a non‑intrusive probe that captures log metadata, stores it in a database, and reconstructs full request‑level logs with minimal storage overhead.
This article reviews the evolution, technical choices, practical experiences, and performance characteristics of seven popular distributed tracing tools—including CAL, CAT, Dapper, Zipkin, Pinpoint, SkyWalking, and Jaeger—to help engineers select the most suitable solution for micro‑service observability.
Join Xiaohongshu’s cloud‑native engineer Wang Chengcheng on November 23 for a 45‑minute talk and Q&A about the company’s Service Mesh evolution, Istio adaptation, Aeraki production optimizations, large‑scale deployment experiences, and practical strategies for deploying community Istio in production.
This article details the evolution of Vivo's e‑commerce product system from a monolithic design to a modular, high‑performance backend, describing architectural changes, challenges such as stability, scalability, and data consistency, and the technical solutions implemented to address them.
This article walks through the complete lifecycle of Spring Cloud Feign in a Spring Boot 2.2.13 application, covering how to enable Feign, scan and register @FeignClient beans, inject them into controllers, create dynamic proxy instances, and finally execute remote calls with load‑balancing and Hystrix support.
This comprehensive guide explains the essence of software architecture, its layers and classifications, architectural levels, strategic versus tactical design, evolution from monoliths to micro‑services, common pitfalls, and key metrics for evaluating a sound architecture.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of software architecture, covering its definition, essential concepts such as systems, subsystems, modules, and frameworks, various architectural layers and classifications, evolution from monolithic to microservices, design principles, evaluation criteria, and typical misconceptions to avoid.
This article explains the problem of service avalanche in distributed systems, introduces the Hystrix circuit‑breaker concept and its four command modes, evaluates existing PHP implementations, and details the design and implementation of a custom hystrix‑ex Composer package that integrates with Guzzle middleware for high‑concurrency fault tolerance.
This article explains the fundamentals, architecture, strategies, core components, request interception, initialization, synchronization, heartbeat mechanisms, and common configurations of Ribbon, the client‑side load balancer used in Spring Cloud microservice ecosystems.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the design principles, architectural patterns, performance, availability, scalability, security, and operational considerations for building large distributed web sites, illustrated with a step‑by‑step evolution from a single‑server setup to a multi‑layer, cloud‑native architecture.
This article examines common system architecture patterns—microservices, multi‑level caching, and database sharding—explaining the problems they address, how they work, their advantages and drawbacks, and practical guidance for applying them without over‑engineering.
Modern micro‑service architectures evolve from basic RPC protocols—covering serialization, transport, invocation modes, and governance—into comprehensive service‑oriented frameworks that integrate registration, load balancing, fault tolerance, observability, and automation, with popular open‑source tools like Dubbo, gRPC, and Thrift guiding implementation choices.
The article outlines essential practices for migrating to microservices, covering service dependency rules to avoid circular dependencies, interface version compatibility strategies, isolation techniques for data, deployment and business logic, and methods to ensure eventual data consistency using scheduled retries and transactional messaging.
This article traces the evolution of software architecture from early monolithic Web 1.0 applications through SOA and the rise of microservices, explaining how cloud‑native technologies like containers, Kubernetes, and service mesh reshape development, deployment, and traffic management while highlighting associated challenges and best practices.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Spring Cloud's core modules—including service discovery with Eureka, client‑side load balancing via Ribbon, declarative REST calls using OpenFeign, fault tolerance with Hystrix, API gateway features of Zuul, centralized configuration with Config, and dynamic updates through Spring Cloud Bus—illustrated with diagrams and code examples.
This article presents a comprehensive engineering guide for building a high‑availability, high‑performance, and secure user‑center system that can serve hundreds of millions of users, covering service architecture, API design, sharding, token fallback, data protection, asynchronous processing, and observability.
This article explains architecture design, covering its definition, core principles, goals, the 4+1 view method, classifications of monolithic and distributed architectures, common system architecture patterns, business analysis techniques, domain‑driven design, DSL concepts, and organizational structures for development teams.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of microservices architecture, covering its definition, comparison with monolithic systems, design principles, communication methods, benefits, drawbacks, governance, and practical considerations such as DevOps, containers, and real‑world case studies.
