This article explains the role of API gateways in microservice systems, discusses challenges of aggregating data across services, compares single‑node and BFF gateway patterns, evaluates open‑source gateway projects, and proposes a double‑gateway solution for high‑performance, scalable backend integration.
This article explains how Spring Cloud Eureka provides high‑availability service registration and discovery, covering its core concepts, high‑availability architecture, processing flow, deployment steps, and practical usage within microservice systems.
The article shares practical cultural strategies—short task rotations, full‑stack exposure, regular open discussions, automation, micro‑service architecture, open‑source focus, diverse hiring, and social activities—to prevent developer boredom and maintain high motivation across engineering teams.
This article introduces Dubbo, Alibaba's high‑performance RPC and service‑governance framework, explains its core components, features, architecture, and provides step‑by‑step instructions with Maven dependencies, Spring Boot configuration, XML setup, and sample code for building provider and consumer services.
This article explains how Dada's order platform was refactored from a Python Flask service to a Java‑based microservice architecture, employing load testing, circuit breaking with Hystrix, and multi‑datacenter disaster recovery to reliably handle eight million orders in a single day during the Double‑11 shopping festival.
Istio, an open-source service mesh created by IBM, Google, and Lyft, offers a uniform platform for integrating microservices, managing traffic, enforcing policies, and collecting telemetry, with a control plane that abstracts underlying cluster platforms like Kubernetes, illustrated through developer presentations and slide decks.
This article outlines the historical evolution of application architecture—from early vertical monolithic designs through RPC and SOA approaches to modern microservice architectures—highlighting their characteristics, deployment models, and the motivations behind each transition.
This article shares the author's experience and lessons learned from a two‑day intensive discussion on microservice migration, outlining a concrete implementation plan, current architectural challenges, key debates, and the final target architecture blueprint for a third‑party payment company.
This article shares practical Go microservice building experiences, covering gRPC-based communication, TLS security, request tracing, and comprehensive monitoring with Prometheus, including metric selection, alerting, and log management using Logrus and Graylog, to help reduce coupling and improve system observability.
This guide explains how to use Consumer‑Driven Contracts (CDC) in a Spring Cloud microservices environment, covering contract definition, stub JAR generation, provider and consumer setup, and automated testing without launching actual services.
The article explains how traditional microservice architectures evolve into event‑driven reactive microsystems by adopting events‑first DDD, reactive design, and event‑based persistence, highlighting the role of the Actor model, asynchronous non‑blocking communication, event sourcing, and saga‑based distributed transaction handling.
The two‑day Tongcheng Technology Conference in Suzhou featured six technical sessions covering serverless architecture, microservices with Go, Facebook‑style development tools, NewSQL database practices, hybrid cloud management at Sina Weibo, and high‑performance ticket search systems, offering practical insights for backend engineers.
The article details the Jingmai Message Center’s end‑to‑end architecture, covering message ingestion via Anycall and MQ, protocol conversion, Netty‑based push system, Snowflake ID generation, Elasticsearch storage, multi‑level caching, distributed locking, and the overall design principles that enable a scalable, reliable messaging platform.
This article explains the concepts of vertical (monolithic) and horizontal (distributed) architectures, compares onion, SOA, and microservice models, describes typical frameworks for data access, MVC, IoC, and service governance, and provides guidance on choosing the appropriate architecture for different project sizes and teams.
This article examines the drawbacks of traditional monolithic Java applications, outlines their architectural evolution toward SOA and ESB, and explains how adopting microservices with Spring Cloud and Netflix OSS components addresses performance, scalability, and management challenges.
This article compiles a curated collection of high‑quality resources—including introductory explanations, in‑depth tutorials, Chinese translations, and tool overviews for Istio, Linkerd, and Envoy—to guide readers from basic concepts to advanced practices in service mesh and cloud‑native microservice architectures.
This article explains microservice architecture fundamentals, typical design patterns such as chain, aggregator, data‑sharing and asynchronous messaging, and presents practical solutions for service splitting, data consistency, and distributed transaction management based on real‑world experience at the ZhaiZhai platform.
The article records a Meituan‑Dianping Q&A on Domain‑Driven Design, where engineers discuss using domain events with transactions, designing RPC interfaces, separating domain and application layers, handling cross‑aggregate operations, and defining bounded contexts, illustrating how DDD guides microservice architecture and business modeling.
This article explains why high availability is critical for internet services, outlines key techniques such as stateless design, service discovery, heartbeat checks, idempotent operations, load balancing, throttling, caching, and micro‑service architecture, and discusses the operational challenges and monitoring tools needed to maintain resilient, scalable systems.
The article discusses how to achieve high availability for large‑scale internet services by adopting stateless architecture, service discovery and registration, heartbeat monitoring, idempotent design, retry mechanisms, rate limiting, caching, and micro‑service decomposition to handle machine failures, network glitches, and high concurrency.
Chief architect at Hulu shares a high‑level overview of the company’s tech ecosystem, detailing its microservice‑based backend on the Donki PaaS, cloud‑flexible deployments, extensive machine‑learning pipelines, VOD and live‑streaming services, multilingual codebases, and the operational challenges of scaling a global streaming platform.
The article presents Qiniu's Spock continuous delivery platform, detailing its business and technical architecture, pipeline stages from self‑test to release, automation practices, microservice challenges, quality gates, and operational metrics that enable fast, reliable cloud‑native software delivery.
This article explains how to classify microservice systems, trace their architectural evolution, and conduct thorough dependency analysis to identify strong and weak couplings, enabling reliable governance and disaster‑recovery planning for high‑traffic events such as 618 and Double‑11.
The article describes the challenges of resource isolation and permission management in a microservice environment, explains AWS IAM concepts and policies, and details the design, development, and expected benefits of the internally built OpenIAM service for unified authentication and authorization across services.
In today's fast‑moving digital landscape, waiting for perfect products is impossible, so companies like Amazon and HARTING adopt anti‑fragile, error‑embracing approaches—using systematic root‑cause analysis, agile micro‑services, and tools like Chaos Monkey—to transform failures into rapid innovation and competitive advantage.
This article details how Vimur, a Kafka‑based real‑time data pipeline, addresses the challenges of service splitting, database sharding, data migration, and synchronization by using CDC, a unified Avro format, and a change distribution platform to support search indexing, cache refresh, and reactive architectures.
This article explains the evolution of microservices, their architectural concepts, advantages such as smaller size, faster delivery, stronger resilience, and how they relate to cloud, DevOps, and operational practices, providing a solid foundation for building and evaluating microservice applications.
This article outlines the essential backend infrastructure components and best‑practice patterns—such as API gateways, service frameworks, caching, databases, search engines, message queues, authentication, configuration, service governance, scheduling, logging, and monitoring—required to build stable, scalable, and maintainable internet applications.
This guide examines why three simple Spring Cloud microservices consume about 1.5 GB RAM, explains JVM heap and non‑heap memory structures, and provides concrete JVM option settings and container choices to dramatically reduce memory usage while maintaining functionality.
This article defines microservices, SOA, and APIs, examines their differing viewpoints and integration challenges, and proposes a combined architectural perspective that highlights how microservices can evolve from or complement traditional SOA implementations.
This article examines the challenges of securing microservice architectures and compares various authentication and authorization approaches—including SSO, distributed sessions, client‑token schemes, JWT, and OAuth 2.0—to help developers choose suitable solutions for efficient and fine‑grained access control.
This article traces the evolution of a web system from a single‑server LAMP setup through service separation, caching, clustering, read/write splitting, CDN acceleration, distributed storage, NoSQL, business decomposition, and finally to distributed services with message queues, service frameworks, and service‑bus governance.
This article outlines the progressive stages of system architecture—from a single‑server LAMP setup through application‑data separation, caching, clustering, read/write splitting, CDN, distributed storage, NoSQL, business decomposition, and finally distributed services—while detailing essential technologies such as message queues, service frameworks, service buses, communication patterns, and governance mechanisms like Dubbo and OSB.
This article presents a comprehensive design for a high‑traffic insurance O2O platform, detailing functional requirements, system analysis, storage and caching strategies, logical and service architectures, distributed transaction handling, and the chosen development stack, emphasizing simplicity, scalability, and high concurrency.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of microservice architecture, covering its definition, historical development, differences from monolithic systems, core characteristics, comparison with SOA, practical implementation concerns such as API gateways, communication, service discovery, fault tolerance, common design patterns, advantages, challenges, and a mindset shift required for successful adoption.
This article explains the role of APM in automated operations, outlines the challenges of manual thread diagnostics, and presents a one‑click thread analysis solution with a five‑stage architecture—capture, aggregation, storage, query, and deep analysis—illustrated through multiple real‑world scenarios.
This article explains how to transform a classic layered monolithic architecture into microservices using Domain‑Driven Design, illustrates real‑world cases from Alibaba Cloud's EDAS platform, and shares practical best‑practice guidance on development, deployment, networking, and common microservice patterns.
This article explains how to split a classic layered architecture into microservices using Domain‑Driven Design, shares real‑world HSF/EDAS case studies, discusses deployment, operation, performance, and common microservice patterns, and offers practical best‑practice recommendations.
The article chronicles Youzan's transition from a monolithic PHP system to Java‑based microservices, outlines the architectural challenges encountered, and presents practical solutions such as Spring Boot adoption, BOM management, health‑check standardization, Hystrix circuit‑breaker patterns, automated API documentation, contract testing, and continuous integration to improve scalability, maintainability, and operational efficiency.
This article explains the fundamentals of Service‑Oriented Architecture, defines services and their essential characteristics, discusses common challenges such as consistency and security, and details bus‑based designs including broker and message‑bus patterns with practical examples.
This article chronicles a small team’s evolution from single‑repo manual deployments through service splitting, messaging middleware, SDK‑based calls, service discovery, Docker automation, and log handling, highlighting practical lessons and trade‑offs at each stage.
The article details the evolution of the Tmall client homepage from a static slot system to a personalized platform, analyzes the inefficiencies of the 2016 architecture, and introduces the 2017 TAC (Tangram App Container) solution that uses Java dynamic compilation, loading, and hot‑deployment to streamline backend development and improve stability.
58.com’s intelligent recommendation system, evolving from a C++ monolith in 2014 to a Java-based micro‑service platform, integrates multi‑layer data processing, diverse recall and ranking algorithms, and a robust microservice architecture to deliver personalized listings across housing, jobs, cars, and more.
Goldwind transformed its global wind‑farm operations by adopting a cloud‑native, container‑based microservice architecture that tackles iteration speed, hybrid‑cloud deployment, and IoT big‑data challenges, enabling faster development, cost reduction, and advanced energy‑forecasting capabilities.
The article details Meituan’s overseas‑hotel backend system—from its initial construction using reusable services and mature frameworks, through custom micro‑service design emphasizing simplicity and extensibility, to extensive optimizations for availability, performance, and scalability, and finally team‑building practices that together ensure reliable evolution as business demands grow.
This article explains how microservices evolved from SOA as a fine‑grained implementation, compares their concepts, benefits, and drawbacks, and provides practical guidance for choosing architectures, communication protocols, and frameworks—especially in Java‑based systems.
This guide walks through creating a Spring Cloud Config server backed by a Git repository, configuring it, exposing configuration via REST endpoints, and building a Spring Boot client that retrieves and binds those configurations, complete with code snippets and URL patterns.
This article explains how to configure Feign and Hystrix so that HTTP error responses from a downstream service are wrapped in a HystrixBadRequestException, allowing the calling service to receive the original status code without activating Hystrix's circuit‑breaker logic.
This article details how Alibaba's RDC platform combines layered automated testing, test‑driven continuous delivery, and comprehensive online quality monitoring to overcome the myth of a single silver‑bullet solution in large‑scale software development.
This talk outlines how China’s Guangfa Bank built, refined, and scaled its big‑data platform since 2014, covering data positioning, system architecture optimization, delivery model improvements, team restructuring, and real‑world use cases that demonstrate the platform’s impact on risk control, marketing and operational efficiency.
This article offers a practical, non‑technical overview of the differences between Service‑Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Microservice Architecture (MSA), discussing concepts such as ESB, service granularity, communication protocols, complexity, maintainability, high‑concurrency handling, and Java framework choices for building robust systems.
This guide shows how to build a Spring Cloud consumer that registers with Eureka, configures LoadBalancerClient and RestTemplate, and calls a provider service’s endpoint using load‑balanced discovery, complete with Maven dependencies, configuration files, and full Java code examples.
Uber’s engineering team chronicles the evolution of its distributed tracing system—from the early Merckx pull‑based solution and TChannel integration to the open‑source Jaeger platform—detailing architectural shifts, sampling strategies, multi‑language client libraries, and the move toward a fully cloud‑native, end‑to‑end observability stack.
This article explains the concept, benefits, and implementation details of a unified error‑code management platform, covering code allocation, handling strategies in microservice architectures, API security considerations, and performance optimizations to reduce development friction and improve system reliability.
The article examines the rise of microservices, outlines their key characteristics, recounts a company's painful transition from a monolithic Tomcat‑based architecture to a decentralized microservice ecosystem, and shares the practical challenges and pitfalls encountered during the migration.
This guide explains how to enhance Spring Cloud's Ribbon with custom rules that enable weight‑based traffic distribution and label‑driven routing, covering project setup, core microservice components, implementation approaches, testing procedures, and practical examples for real‑world microservice deployments.
This week’s tech roundup highlights Alibaba’s data clash with SF Express, Node.js v8’s new features, the launch of China’s Big Data Security Lab, Istio’s service mesh for micro‑services, TensorFlow Lite for mobile AI, Connecterra’s AI livestock monitoring, AlphaGo’s inspirational role, Ma Huateng’s cloud‑economy insights, and Siri’s expanded third‑party support.
The article examines why a large‑scale platform refactoring presents an opportunity to redesign services, traces the conceptual roots of microservices through influential software‑engineering masters and methodologies such as DDD and SOA, and argues that microservices are an evolutionary, not silver‑bullet, solution that must be applied with careful strategic and tactical analysis.
The article explains how to break large transactions into small atomic operations combined with asynchronous messaging, describes ACID properties, presents banking and flow‑recharge scenarios, compares local and distributed (flexible) transactions, and details micro‑service architecture, compensation and async strategies to achieve eventual consistency.
These notes distill Mark Richards' O'Reilly guide on software architecture patterns, explaining layered, event‑driven (mediator and broker), microkernel, microservices, and space‑based architectures, their key concepts, examples, trade‑offs, and evaluation criteria to help developers select the most suitable pattern for their projects.
The article narrates a Chinese state‑owned enterprise’s struggle with heterogeneous legacy systems, the introduction of an SOA strategy, and a contrasting startup’s shift to microservices, highlighting technical, operational, and cultural challenges of modernizing large‑scale software.
The article explains Serverless and Functions‑as‑a‑Service, their relationship with micro‑services, typical use cases such as bursty workloads and event‑driven data processing, and discusses the operational, cost, and strategic implications for cloud platforms like Alibaba Cloud.
This article shares JD's practical experience of scaling its phone‑recharge platform by introducing caching, concurrent processing, micro‑service decomposition, vertical‑and‑horizontal sharding, read/write separation, resource isolation, and gray‑release deployment to meet rapidly growing user demand.
Microservices architecture introduces technical concerns such as service registration, discovery, load balancing, health checks, front-end routing, fault tolerance, dynamic configuration, and framework selection, with common solutions ranging from centralized and in-process load balancers to Netflix and Spring Cloud components.
This article explains the four essential components of Spring Cloud Zuul filters, details the request lifecycle across pre, routing, post, and error stages, and provides an in‑depth overview of the built‑in core filters and how to extend them for custom gateway behavior.
This article explains how blockchain, originating from Bitcoin, serves as a distributed ledger that reduces trust costs in complex multi‑party business scenarios, outlines public, private and consortium chain models, and details how a dedicated blockchain gateway integrates seamlessly with microservice architectures for reliable communication, event handling, data consistency and reconciliation.
This article chronicles Toutiao’s evolution from a monolithic Python/C++/PHP stack to a large‑scale Go‑based microservice architecture, detailing the reasons for adopting Go, the design of the kite framework, concurrency models, timeout control, performance tuning, monitoring, and a reusable DAO component for efficient RPC aggregation.
This article outlines the critical backend components and services—such as API gateways, MVC/IOC/ORM frameworks, caching, databases, search engines, message queues, unified authentication, configuration management, service governance, scheduling, logging, and data processing pipelines—that together enable stable, high‑availability, and maintainable online applications.
This article explains microservice architecture versus monolithic design, discusses communication, service discovery, ordering, and messaging strategies, and details GeTui’s practical implementation using OpenResty, API gateways, Zookeeper, and DevOps automation.
This article explains the differences between monolithic and microservice architectures, introduces Docker as a key tool for microservices, and details how a Container‑as‑a‑Service (CaaS) platform can provide service discovery, routing, logging, monitoring, auto‑scaling, SLA enforcement, and deployment strategies to simplify development and operations.
This article explains how to design a payment system by covering product classification, module functions, business processes, and reference architectures, illustrating the role of microservice proxies, risk assessment, and integration with popular platforms like Alipay, WeChat Pay, and PayPal.
The article details Hulu's evolution from a simple web video service to a multi‑device platform, highlighting the scalability, micro‑service architecture, DASH streaming, and comprehensive quality monitoring that enable consistent live streaming experiences across diverse US devices.
This article examines how Agile, DevOps, microservices, and Docker have risen together in recent years, analyzing Google Trends data to illustrate their intertwined growth and explaining why Docker is seen as essential for rapid software delivery within modern DevOps and microservice ecosystems.
This article explains the principles of distributed transaction design, covering ACID fundamentals, typical banking and e‑commerce scenarios, various transaction models such as two‑phase, compensation, asynchronous and best‑effort notifications, and presents a micro‑service architecture with concrete flow diagrams and scaling strategies for a high‑throughput traffic‑recharge platform.
This article introduces Vesta, a Java‑based multi‑scenario distributed ID generator, covering its design goals such as global uniqueness, rough ordering, reversibility and manufacturability, its architecture, publishing modes, performance benchmarks, and step‑by‑step deployment instructions for various deployment scenarios.
An in‑depth comparison of Ansible and SaltStack evaluates response speed, security, maintenance overhead, and syntax readability, concluding that despite slower performance, Ansible’s superior security and simpler operations make it the preferred automation solution for large‑scale, especially financial, environments.
This article examines the challenges of achieving consistency in large‑scale distributed service systems, outlines common inconsistency scenarios such as split‑brain and lost updates, and presents practical patterns—including ACID/BASE trade‑offs, two‑phase and three‑phase commit, TCC, query, compensation, and reliable messaging—to guide engineers in designing robust, eventually consistent architectures.
This article outlines how to transform cloud computing from a barrier into a foundation for business success by defining Cloud‑Native principles, recommending public‑cloud adoption, project engineering practices, service‑oriented thinking, micro‑service implementation with Kubernetes, and DevOps integration, providing concrete guidance and trade‑offs for each step.
This article explains how a decentralized microservice and SOA architecture, combined with cloud deployment, service registration, gateways, and unified APIs, enables high‑performance, high‑availability, and low‑coupling smart campus systems that support both mobile and PC applications while simplifying development, testing, and operations.
This article explains why distributed systems need tracing, outlines design goals, compares major implementations like Zipkin, EagleEye, and Hydra, and details the data collection, storage, and analysis pipelines that enable end‑to‑end visibility and performance optimization in large‑scale services.
Learn how to launch several Spring Cloud microservice instances on a single machine without manually editing configuration files by leveraging random ports and adjusting Eureka instance IDs for proper registration.
The article explores DevOps concepts, recounting personal experiences with legacy systems, the evolution of continuous integration and delivery, the promises and pitfalls of microservices, deployment challenges, orchestration tools, and modern container‑based solutions like Docker and Kubernetes, emphasizing a pragmatic path toward immutable infrastructure.
This article traces the evolution of software engineering tools leading to DevOps, highlights common transformation pitfalls, outlines core DevOps practices such as autonomous small teams, traceable toolchains, real‑time metrics, and describes the surrounding ecosystem, offering practical guidance for organizations adopting DevOps.
The article describes Baidu's comprehensive code development collaboration platform, detailing its multi‑stage architecture evolution, five‑level code management model, challenges of massive scale, and the enterprise‑grade SaaS solutions that enable high availability, scalability, security, and multi‑tenant isolation.
This article explains how to solve the problem of undefined results when making asynchronous HTTP requests in a Node.js microservice by passing a callback function that receives the response data and any error, allowing the data to be accessed outside the request handler.
The article examines common challenges in legacy continuous‑integration pipelines—long build times, unstable tests, and complex dependencies—and presents a systematic, Theory‑of‑Constraints‑based approach that includes parallelization, mocking, infrastructure upgrades, test isolation, contract testing, and monitoring to improve build speed, reliability, and overall delivery efficiency.
The article analyzes the rapid growth‑induced technical debt of a sales platform and details a multi‑layered architectural optimization—including data‑layer redesign, monolith decomposition, and service‑oriented transformation—while discussing associated challenges and future service‑governance improvements.
This article details how Tencent Games built, customized, and continuously optimized a Kubernetes‑based container platform over three years to support tens of thousands of game containers, covering deployment modes, scheduler enhancements, network solutions, resource quotas, monitoring, storage, and the transition to micro‑service architectures.
This article details how Tencent's game operations team redefined operational services, introduced micro‑service architecture, applied big‑data driven recommendations, and built intelligent, automated pipelines for server opening, merging, version releases, and download services, achieving significant efficiency and cost gains.
This article examines VIPshop's transformation from a single‑application LAMP system to a vertically split and finally distributed service‑oriented architecture, detailing the business model, key design requirements, platform governance, and the technical services that enable a scalable e‑commerce operation.
This tutorial walks through configuring Spring Cloud Ribbon and Spring Cloud Feign to perform client‑side load balancing for a compute-service, covering prerequisite setup, Maven dependencies, application code, REST client implementation, and verification of balanced requests across multiple service instances.
This article chronicles Xiaomi's e‑commerce platform evolution, detailing the shift from a simple monolithic design to a modular, sharded, and cloud‑native architecture that leverages async messaging, horizontal database partitioning, flash‑sale systems, dual‑data‑center caching, and sophisticated monitoring to handle massive traffic spikes.
Alibaba’s transformation from e‑commerce leader to tech powerhouse is highlighted by its Feitian middleware platform, a cloud‑based, highly available solution that supports diverse industries, enables massive transaction volumes, and exemplifies the evolution of large‑scale distributed architectures pioneered since Alibaba’s early IOE days.
This guide walks through setting up Spring Cloud, explains microservice architecture, and provides step‑by‑step instructions with code samples for creating a Eureka service registry, a compute service provider, and switching to Consul for service discovery in a cloud‑native Java environment.
This article explains why Node.js can be a better choice than Nginx for dynamic reverse‑proxy scenarios such as micro‑service gateways, and provides a step‑by‑step tutorial—including installing http‑proxy, creating a mock service, building a proxy server, and testing it.
The article outlines the complex business logic of JD Daojia's transaction system and presents architectural decisions such as service setization, database sharding, frontend‑backend separation, parallel execution, asynchronous processing, dependency governance, and future enhancements to improve scalability, reliability, and performance.
This article introduces the upcoming “Spring Cloud Practical Tips” series and focuses on version dependency issues, common Feign errors, and recommended version pairings, advising developers to follow official Spring Cloud compatibility charts and favor the latest Camden release with Spring Boot 1.4.x for enhanced features.
Over three years, a small fintech company transformed its platform from a single‑server PHP/Java stack to a micro‑service‑based Spring Cloud architecture, undergoing four major upgrades that introduced distributed systems, SOA governance, big‑data pipelines, MongoDB replication, Redis caching, and open‑source tools, enabling transaction volumes exceeding one hundred billion.
This article compares the CI/CD pipelines and Git branching models of two micro‑service projects, highlighting their deployment workflows, automation levels, visualisation, feedback speed, and trade‑offs to help developers and operations engineers choose an appropriate strategy.
This article traces the evolution of internet‑scale technical architecture across three eras—single‑machine, cluster, and distributed—detailing the motivations, core patterns, advantages, and drawbacks of monolithic, layered, data‑separated, cached, load‑balanced, CDN‑accelerated, redundant, service‑oriented, sharded, and microservice designs.
