How Baidu Achieves 5‑9+ Availability: Inside Its Stability Engineering and Observability
This article dissects Baidu Search's ultra‑large micro‑service architecture, detailing the challenges of maintaining five‑nine‑plus availability, the diverse failure modes, and the step‑by‑step evolution of its observability stack—from early log‑only analysis to the kepler1.0/kepler2.0 tracing, full‑log indexing, custom span‑id generation, and compression techniques that together enable rapid root‑cause diagnosis at massive scale.
