This article explains why unit testing is essential for reducing code complexity, outlines common testing models, provides language‑specific best practices for Java, C++, and Python, and describes how to measure test coverage and effectiveness across large‑scale projects.
This article presents an extensive curated collection of Python libraries and tools covering environments, package management, web frameworks, databases, testing, data analysis, machine learning, DevOps, and many other domains, providing developers with a comprehensive reference to enhance productivity and build robust applications.
This article introduces PyAutoGUI, a cross‑platform Python library for controlling mouse, keyboard, dialogs and screenshots, shows how to install it, explains its coordinate system, outlines core functions, and provides practical code examples for drawing and image‑based automation.
This article walks through extracting latitude and longitude pairs from a CSV file into separate Excel columns using pandas, explains each processing step, and presents an optimized chunk‑based solution that handles tens of thousands of rows in seconds.
This tutorial explains how to install and use a Python library that wraps the MAME emulator to train reinforcement‑learning agents on arcade games such as Street Fighter III, covering system requirements, installation, environment configuration, debugging, step‑wise simulation, and a simple ConvNet agent example.
This tutorial demonstrates how to use Python's requests and lxml libraries to scrape static web pages, extract image URLs via XPath, convert thumbnail links to full‑size URLs, and download the images to a local folder, providing a complete end‑to‑end example.
This guide walks you through handling textual data with pandas, covering basic and new string dtypes, essential string methods for formatting, alignment, counting, encoding, and advanced operations such as splitting, replacing, concatenating, matching, and extracting patterns, all illustrated with clear code examples.
This article introduces five essential Matplotlib chart types—scatter plot, line plot, histogram, bar plot, and box plot—explaining their strengths, typical use‑cases, and providing ready‑to‑run Python functions for each visualization.
This tutorial walks through building a simple Arkanoid‑style game using Python and PygameZero, covering installation, window setup, drawing paddles and bricks, handling input, implementing ball physics, collision detection, and adding scoring logic, with complete code snippets and explanations.
This guide demonstrates how to transform a JSON array into a CSV file with pandas, then sort the resulting CSV by specific columns using two different Python approaches, providing complete code snippets and explanations for each step.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of core Python concepts—including garbage collection, tuple versus list differences, process/thread/coroutine models, shallow and deep copying, the Global Interpreter Lock, sorting algorithms, closures, decorators, iterators, generators, and essential Django backend components such as WSGI, request lifecycle, middleware, ORM methods, caching, and REST framework.
This article outlines four typical pitfalls when employing Python's lambda (anonymous) functions—such as returning values, overlooking better alternatives, assigning to variables, and ignoring list comprehensions—and provides practical guidelines and code examples to help developers use lambdas correctly and more readably.
This article explains Python's closure late-binding behavior that causes unexpected lambda results, demonstrates the issue with a sample interview question, and presents four practical solutions—including default‑argument binding, functools.partial, generator expressions, and yield‑based lazy evaluation—to achieve the intended outputs.
This article explains the problem of selecting the correct Python interpreter for scripts, introduces the Python Launcher introduced in PEP 397, and provides step‑by‑step instructions for installing and using it on both Linux and Windows to run scripts with the desired Python version.
This article walks through creating a simple Python pygame game where a rabbit moves with WSAD or arrow keys to eat stationary mooncakes, gaining weight, with collision detection, dynamic mooncake spawning, and a game‑over condition when the rabbit’s weight exceeds a threshold, including full source code.
September 2021 TIOBE Index shows Python closing in on the top spot, needing just a 0.16% rise to surpass C, while Assembly, Ruby, and Go also climb the rankings, and the report includes detailed TOP 20, TOP 10 trends, and historical data.
This article introduces Microsoft’s open‑source Playwright‑Python library, explains how to install it, demonstrates recording and code generation, provides synchronous and asynchronous usage examples—including mobile device emulation—and discusses its advantages and current limitations for web automation testing.
This tutorial demonstrates how to collect, clean, and visualize historical Chinese National Games medal data using Python, covering data extraction with regular expressions, organization into pandas DataFrames, and creating both static line charts with Matplotlib and interactive charts with PyEcharts, complete with code snippets and practical tips.
This article presents a Python‑based web‑scraping project that collects the first ten pages of "小鱼零食" search results on Taobao, analyzes sales, price distribution, geographic store locations, top comments, and visualizes the findings with bar charts and word clouds.
This tutorial walks through setting up Python 2.7 on Ubuntu, then demonstrates how to install, connect to, and perform CRUD operations with four different databases—SQLite, MySQL, LMDB, and LevelDB—showing complete example scripts and summarizing the key differences between relational and key‑value stores.
This article demonstrates how to build a Python‑based WiFi password brute‑force tool, first using a command‑line script that reads passwords from a dictionary and attempts connections, then enhancing it with scanning, flexible dictionary selection, and finally providing both a simple and an upgraded Tkinter graphical user interface for interactive cracking.
This article provides a step‑by‑step guide to Django, covering web framework basics, the MVC/MTV pattern, project and app creation, URL routing, view logic, template rendering, static files, form handling, and database configuration with migrations.
This guide explains how to use Python, pandas, and requests to fetch minute‑by‑minute K‑line data for Chinese stocks from Eastmoney's API, generate the required secid, handle different market codes, and continuously save the data until market close.
This tutorial explains how to locate Bilibili video danmaku (bullet‑comment) APIs, extract the CID, and use Python libraries such as requests, BeautifulSoup, and pandas to download, clean, and save the comment data to CSV files, with an optional API‑based shortcut.
This article presents a collection of Python programming examples covering function chaining, default‑argument traps, CSV file reading and writing, number‑base conversion, list flattening and merging, dictionary utilities, and common algorithmic patterns such as permutations and combinations.
This article presents a curated A‑Z list of practical Python tricks—including built‑in functions, standard library modules, code snippets, and tips such as using collections, type hints, virtual environments, and command‑line utilities—to help developers write cleaner, more efficient code.
This article explains how to build a Tetris game with a basic AI using Python 3.6.4 and PyQt5, covering environment setup, the underlying algorithm that evaluates future board states, and the complete source code for the AI decision‑making and scoring functions.
This article introduces ZTO Technology’s Ark Platform, a database PaaS solution that automates deployment, backup, monitoring, data flashback, and slow‑SQL optimization, detailing its architecture, core features, and the operational benefits it brings to large‑scale logistics environments.
This concise tutorial explains how to install the Mammoth Python CLI and use it—either via command line or within Python code—to transform .docx Word documents into clean HTML web pages or Markdown files, with tips on hosting them cheaply on GitHub Pages.
This guide explains how to set up ADB on a Windows PC, connect an Android device, capture screenshots, and run a Python script that detects the game pieces and board in WeChat's Jump mini‑program to automatically perform jumps based on calculated distances.
This article compares the evolution, concepts, and practical implementations of coroutines in Python and JavaScript, explaining their histories, core mechanisms such as async/await, event loops, and providing side‑by‑side code examples to help newcomers understand asynchronous programming in both languages.
This tutorial walks through building both command‑line and Tkinter‑based Python tools that scan nearby Wi‑Fi networks, read password dictionaries, and perform brute‑force attacks using the pywifi library, while also showing how to package the script as an executable and discussing potential multithreading improvements.
This guide explains how to migrate classic web frameworks such as Bottle and Flask to Alibaba Cloud Function Compute using request integration, custom runtimes, and Serverless Devs, providing step‑by‑step code examples, deployment configurations, and alternative solutions for other FaaS platforms.
This guide explains how to create a custom DingTalk robot using Python 3.7, covering webhook configuration, security signing, step‑by‑step setup in the PC client, and a complete code example for sending text messages.
This article explains why circular imports occur in Python, demonstrates the resulting ImportError with example modules, and provides three practical solutions—including importing modules directly, using lazy imports, and redesigning code structure—to prevent such issues.
This article presents eleven practical PyCharm tips and shortcuts, covering font settings, UI scaling, multi‑line commenting, code reformatting, refactoring, search, local history, package management, debugging, and customizing the IDE background to boost Python development efficiency.
This article introduces PyAutoGUI, a cross‑platform Python library for automating mouse and keyboard actions, explains its coordinate system, outlines key functions for mouse, keyboard, dialogs, and screenshots, and provides practical code examples for drawing and image‑based button clicking.
This article introduces a high‑performance Python microservice framework built on Sanic, detailing its architecture, asynchronous design principles, integration of uvloop, asyncpg, aiohttp, Peewee ORM, OpenTracing, Swagger API documentation, middleware, testing, and deployment considerations for scalable backend services.
This article explains the legal and ethical pitfalls of Python web scraping, clarifies what truly counts as a crawler, discusses robots.txt and service agreements, warns against profiting from scraped data, and offers practical advice for responsible and low‑risk data collection.
This article explains how to structure Python projects so that configuration can be cleanly switched between development, testing, staging, and production environments using packages, __init__.py tricks, environment variables, and dynamic imports, following principles from the Twelve‑Factor App.
This guide shows how to fetch financial time‑series data from Quandl using Python, store it in pandas, explore it with head/tail, and create line, volume, and candlestick visualizations with matplotlib, including code snippets and best practices for API keys and date handling.
This tutorial shows how to capture the network packets of the Super Course Table Android app, log in by sending the required headers and encrypted credentials, and continuously fetch user‑generated topics using Python's urllib2 and JSON parsing, enabling infinite scrolling data extraction.
This tutorial demonstrates how to use Python's xlwings library to programmatically create, save, list, rename, print, and split Excel workbooks and worksheets, providing practical code examples for automating common spreadsheet tasks and improving workflow efficiency.
This article dissects Python’s standard pdb module, explaining its pure‑Python implementation on top of bdb and cmd, the event‑driven tracing mechanism, core debugging commands such as step, next, continue, and how MNN Workbench embeds these capabilities for mobile AI development.
This article demonstrates how to create a Python web crawler that fetches Baidu Baike entries, covering the main program structure, URL manager, page downloader, HTML parser using BeautifulSoup, and output generator, with complete code snippets and sample results.
This article presents five beginner-friendly Python projects— a command‑line Rock‑Paper‑Scissors game, a random password generator, a dice‑rolling simulator, an automatic email sender, and an alarm clock—each with clear objectives, implementation tips, and complete source code examples.
This article explains how Python's launcher and shebang lines can be used on Windows and Linux to select specific Python interpreter versions, covering installation, configuration, and command‑line examples for running scripts with Python 2.x or 3.x.
The article explains why fixed sleep calls are inefficient for asynchronous operations, introduces polling as a flexible alternative, provides Python code examples with the polling library, discusses advantages and disadvantages, and presents decorator and generic‑function abstractions for reusable polling logic.
This article describes how to build a Python web crawler that automatically generates numeric URLs, checks their validity, extracts download links for TV dramas from cn163.net, saves them to text files, and discusses practical challenges such as regex parsing, filename restrictions, and multithreading performance.
This article provides a Python tutorial that explains how to generate Eastmoney‑specific security IDs, request minute‑level K‑line data for a given stock code via the Eastmoney API, process the response into a pandas DataFrame, and continuously fetch and save data until market close.
This article explains the mathematical concept of 2‑D convolution, demonstrates its use for image filtering with examples such as blurring and Sobel edge detection, introduces artificial neural networks and back‑propagation, and details the design, training, and performance of convolutional neural networks for tasks like Sobel filter learning and MNIST digit recognition, including full Python code examples.
This comprehensive tutorial translates the official Pandas documentation into Chinese, then walks readers through DataFrames, Series, indexing, I/O operations, data manipulation, string handling, merging, and advanced tips, providing clear code examples for each concept.
Through a detailed case study, the author documents the process of optimizing a Python‑based web module—identifying bottlenecks, redesigning architecture with Redis queues, tuning MySQL, adjusting Linux TCP settings, and iteratively load‑testing until achieving 50,000 QPS with sub‑70 ms latency and zero errors.
This article explores Python’s underused singledispatch feature from PEP 443 as a clean, extensible way to serialize arbitrary objects to JSON, comparing it with traditional json module approaches and showing how it avoids cumbersome if‑elif‑else logic while keeping classes untouched.
IEEE Spectrum’s 2021 programming language ranking, based on eight online data sources and eleven metrics, lists the top 55 languages, highlights a stable top five with Python leading, and reveals notable shifts such as C#’s rise to #6 and HTML entering the top ten.
The article demystifies AI by explaining that current artificial intelligence is merely automated computation, then walks through fundamental machine‑learning concepts such as exhaustive search, linear regression, neural‑network neurons, activation functions, network structures, training calculations, and concludes with a Python implementation of a three‑layer neural network.
This article explains how to generate low‑quality audio samples from clean speech by randomly inserting noise at various SNR levels, compute objective PESQ scores as ground‑truth, and use these paired data to train a neural‑network model for reference‑free audio quality assessment.
This tutorial explains how to install Allure‑pytest, create a simple Dianping search test case, generate the default report, and progressively enhance it with custom titles, detailed steps, fixture‑based setup/teardown, hierarchical features, severity levels, and rich HTML descriptions, all using Python code snippets.
This tutorial shows how to install the Python Mammoth library and use its command‑line interface or Python API to transform .docx Word documents into HTML web pages or Markdown files for easy sharing and publishing.
This article provides a comprehensive, step‑by‑step guide to the Scrapy web‑crawling framework, covering its core components, installation methods, project layout, spider creation, data extraction techniques, pagination handling, pipeline configuration, and how to run the crawler to collect and store data.
Learn what QR codes are, how to install the Python qrcode library, create simple and advanced QR codes with customizable parameters, and decode them using OpenCV, all with clear code examples and practical tips for safe usage.
This guide explains how to set up and use Microsoft Terminal and Visual Studio Code on Windows for Python development, covering installation, configuration, code editing, debugging, testing, and Git integration to create a smooth and productive workflow.
Zheng Lin‑kai’s record‑breaking Tetris AI for the Tencent Geek Challenge combines a two‑layer breadth‑first search—stage‑level pruning in Python and fast round‑level BFS in C++—with a heuristic that rewards high score, low occupied cells, and smooth board transitions, enabling a 1,413,876‑point performance.
This tutorial demonstrates how to capture network packets from the Super Schedule Android app, perform a login request with required headers, and repeatedly fetch and parse topic data using Python urllib2 and JSON handling, enabling infinite scrolling of user‑generated topics.
This tutorial walks you through using Python Selenium to automate QQ Music, scroll through the infinite‑scroll comment section, extract user avatars, names, timestamps and comment text, save the data to CSV, and finally visualize the comments with a word‑cloud image.
This tutorial walks through creating a stock sentiment analysis pipeline in Python by scraping news from a financial website, applying Baidu AI's sentiment API to classify headlines, aggregating positive and negative ratios per stock, and visualizing the results with matplotlib.
This article walks through using reinforcement learning with a Deep Q‑Network in PyTorch to train an AI agent that plays the 2048 puzzle game, covering environment setup, algorithm implementation, network design, and a short training run that achieves a score of 256.
This tutorial introduces Python's built‑in Turtle module, explaining how to draw basic shapes, control movement and rotation, set colors, use loops, define functions, handle events, and create simple animations, providing complete code examples for each concept.
This guide demonstrates how to use Python's Scapy library to extract IP addresses from PCAP files, sniff usernames and passwords from mail traffic, discover live hosts via SYN packets, launch MAC address table flooding attacks, and conduct ARP spoofing for man‑in‑the‑middle attacks, providing complete code examples.
This article presents a collection of practical Python techniques, including variable swapping without a temporary variable, using dictionary and set comprehensions, leveraging the Counter class for counting, pretty‑printing JSON, solving FizzBuzz concisely, inline conditional expressions, list slicing, dictionary get method, and generating combinations with itertools.
This article introduces You-Get, a Python‑based command‑line tool for downloading videos, audio, images and subtitles from many sites, explains how to install it, shows its key options, demonstrates format‑specific downloads, playlist handling, proxy usage, and cookie‑based authentication.
This tutorial demonstrates how to use Python's turtle module to programmatically draw a detailed Minion character by defining functions for each body part and assembling them with precise turtle commands.
This step‑by‑step guide shows how to install the MyQR library, import it in PyCharm, and create plain, image‑based, and colorized QR codes using simple Python code snippets, plus an overview of all available parameters.
This article walks readers through recreating the original Python alien‑invasion game, then details a step‑by‑step overhaul that adds a polished UI, scalable monster mechanics, multiple maps, and an in‑game shop, complete with code snippets and visual examples.
This tutorial demonstrates how to analyze pandas memory consumption, downcast numeric columns, convert object columns to categoricals, and specify optimal dtypes when reading CSV files, achieving a reduction of nearly 90% in DataFrame memory usage while preserving full analytical capabilities.
This tutorial explains how to build a Python alarm clock that plays a sound, uses text‑to‑speech for voice alerts, and optionally sends an email via QQ SMTP when the alarm triggers, providing full source code and step‑by‑step instructions.
A programmer needed to create a billion‑row SQLite test database within a minute, found a naïve Python script unbearably slow, applied batch inserts and SQLite PRAGMA tweaks, then compared CPython, PyPy, and Rust implementations, ultimately achieving sub‑minute runtimes with Rust and highlighting best‑practice optimizations.
This guide explains how to prepare Haar and LBP data, use OpenCV's CascadeClassifier and detectMultiScale functions, and run a complete Python script that captures video, detects faces, draws bounding boxes, displays results, and saves detected frames.
This article presents a collection of concise Python one‑liners—ranging from creating 2‑D lists and clamping numbers to generating Fibonacci sequences and converting strings to snake_case—each explained with clear code examples and practical use cases for everyday programming tasks.
This tutorial shows how to use Python to scrape GIF images, automatically generate romantic messages, obtain AI‑generated replies, and send the whole package as an email through a 163 SMTP server, providing a complete, runnable example.
This article introduces the fundamentals of face detection using Python's OpenCV library, explaining the underlying concepts of computer vision and providing a complete, step‑by‑step script that loads an image, converts it to grayscale, detects faces with a Haar cascade, and visualizes the results.
The article investigates why Python's built‑in json.dumps can be slow on large data structures, compares the performance of ujson, python‑rapidjson, simplejson, and the Rust‑based orjson, provides benchmark code, installation commands, and discusses a bug in ujson's indent handling.
This article explains a systematic process for evaluating and selecting the most suitable high‑performance JSON library for Python, covering the need assessment, benchmark definition, filtering by additional requirements, and detailed benchmark results that highlight orjson as the fastest option for small‑message encoding while discussing trade‑offs such as safety, customizability, and ecosystem support.
This article guides readers through downloading Haar cascade files for face detection using OpenCV, including code examples and step-by-step instructions.
Replit introduces replit.web, a Python framework that streamlines server launch, persistent storage with Repl DB, and user authentication via Repl Auth, allowing developers to create full‑stack applications with minimal code and effort.
The article explains how Python's functools.singledispatch (PEP 443) provides a clean, extensible way to serialize arbitrary objects to JSON, avoiding custom default functions or subclassing JSONEncoder, and discusses alternatives, pitfalls, and related tools such as zope.interface and attrs.
The 2021 State of Data Science report shows how COVID‑19 has impacted investment, highlights Python's dominance, examines automation's growing role, and reveals corporate attitudes toward open‑source contributions, offering data‑driven insights for professionals and educators alike.
This article presents a curated collection of 100 frequently used pandas functions, organized into six categories—statistical aggregation, data cleaning, data selection, plotting and element‑wise operations, time‑series utilities, and miscellaneous helpers—providing concise Chinese explanations for each function’s purpose.
This article introduces Python's pandas library as a powerful open‑source alternative to MATLAB for data modeling competitions, covering basic, intermediate, and advanced functions—including data I/O, inspection, logical filtering, visualization, aggregation, and integration with tqdm for progress tracking—complete with code examples.
This article explains what time series databases are, introduces InfluxDB as the leading TSDB, describes its TICK architecture and storage engine, provides step‑by‑step installation and configuration of InfluxDB and Telegraf, demonstrates visualization, JMeter integration, and Flux queries in Python, and highlights the rapid market growth of TSDBs.
This article introduces ten Python visualization libraries—matplotlib, Seaborn, ggplot, Bokeh, pygal, Plotly, geoplotlib, Gleam, missingno, and Leather—detailing their origins, key features, strengths, and typical use cases for creating static and interactive charts across various domains.
This article presents a lightweight framework for constructing, collecting, and visualizing Android startup task information, replacing heavy systrace data with concise logs, Kotlin data structures, AspectJ instrumentation, and Python scripts that generate readable timelines and discrete charts to aid performance analysis.
This article introduces the Python filestools library, demonstrating how to install it and use its four core utilities—tree‑style directory listing, text file diff comparison, image watermarking, and converting cURL commands to requests code—complete with command‑line and Jupyter examples.
This article documents a step‑by‑step performance optimization of a Python web module, covering requirement analysis, environment setup, load‑testing results, database and TCP bottleneck identification, caching strategies, kernel tuning, and the final achievement of 50,000 QPS with low latency.
This tutorial walks through using Python's Selenium to automate scrolling and extract QQ Music hot comment data—including user avatars, names, timestamps, and content—then saves the information to CSV and creates a Chinese word cloud for visual analysis.
This article explains how to create a Windows desktop reminder that notifies a friend about overdue debt using Python's APScheduler for scheduling, win32api for pop‑up messages, and PyInstaller to package the script into a standalone executable.
This tutorial walks through designing and implementing a Python desktop music player using PyQt5, covering UI layout, keyword‑based music crawling, multithreaded downloading, playback controls, volume adjustment, and various playback modes such as sequential, random, and repeat.
This guide walks you through installing pymysql, creating a MySQL database and table, connecting Python to MySQL, and performing full CRUD operations—including bulk inserts, updates, deletions, and queries—complete with code examples and screenshots.
This article explains how Python stores object attributes in layered __dict__ structures, distinguishes class and instance attributes, demonstrates attribute lookup, shows how to modify attributes directly or via property, and introduces dynamic attribute creation using __getattr__ and related special methods.
This article walks through creating a full‑featured desktop music player using Python 3.6, PyQt5 for the GUI, and requests for web scraping, covering environment setup, dependencies, key functionalities, technical challenges, and a reflective conclusion on the development experience.
